question

Puritans who described themselves as Separatists believed that

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the Church of England was beyond redemption and sought to separate themselves from it permanently

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According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they

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had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others

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The New England town meeting

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brought together a town's inhabitants and freemen in an exercise of voting and popular political participation that was unprecedented elsewhere during the 17th century

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English Puritans rejected Catholic rituals and instead emphasized

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introspection and a personal relationship with God

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England created the Dominion of New England, a new government consolidation that

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placed all colonies north of Maryland under more direct control by England and invalidated all land titles

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King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

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make himself the head of the church in England

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King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that

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English military protection from hostile neighbors was still very valuable

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Widespread political participation of males in New England town meetings led to

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a reinforcement of community conformity

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The colony of New Netherland was marked by a

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small, remarkably diverse population

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The Quaker maxim "In souls there is no sex" helps explain

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the degree to which Quakers allowed women to assume positions of religious leadership in the 17th century

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Which event brought Queen Isabella to the throne in 1474

answer

the death of her brother, Henry

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Hernan Cortes's dominance over Mexico was most significant because it

answer

served as a model for future colonization and made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe

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The deaths of millions of Indians affected Spain

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greatly. The lack of natives created a labor shortage that led to the purchase of African slaves

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Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

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convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the East was NOT a good route

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In 1517, MLK publicized his criticism of Catholic Church. The theological differences between Luther and the Catholic Church centered on

answer

how salvation could be gained

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14 year old Indian girl named Malinali provided invaluable assistance to Hernan Cortes by

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serving as an interpreter and cultural broker

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During 1500s, the New World was primarily dominated by

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Spain because it had more colonial possessions than other European countries

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Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds

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exposed Indians to devastating Old World diseases

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The government of which country sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?

answer

Spain

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When Catholic priests such as Fray Bartolome de Las Casas complained to the Spanish government about the brutal treatment of Indians, royal officials

answer

saw the behavior in terms of a greater fear that the Spanish bureaucracy was losing control over the encomenderos

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After 1540, the most important economic activity in New Spain from the Spanish viewpoint was

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silver mining

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The conquistador whose men buried him in the Mississippi River was

answer

Hernando de Soto

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Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

answer

technological advances in navigational instruments and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power and prestige

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The Tainos shared which of the following traits with the Europeans

answer

They farmed, knew how to build boats, and held religious beliefs

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A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

answer

destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on Asian marketplace

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Portugual was an unlikely nation to lead Europe into the Age of Exploration because

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it was a small nation with less than 2 percent of the population of Christian Europe

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If you were a statesman in the early to mid-1500s and followed the news of Columbus, you might argue that his most important contribution was

answer

proving that it was possible to sail from Europe to the western Atlantic and return to Europe

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After 50 years of contact with Europeans in the New World

answer

90% of contact with Europeans in the New Worlds of colonial policies and diseases inadvertently transmitted by Europeans

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By the 1460s, the Portuguese used African slaves to work sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands and became the first nation to

answer

associate plantation labor with African slavery

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The dispersion of settlements in the Chesapeake can be explained by the

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Marketing system of farmers and the acreage necessary to make profit

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The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

answer

rice

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Under royal government in Virginia, the colony's inhabitants could vote for

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local burgesses

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Richard Hakluyt, a strong proponent of colonization, argued that English colonies would

answer

provide a market for English goods and a place for the unemployed

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The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

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Barbados

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For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a slave labor system because slaves

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could be controlled politically

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If you wanted to become a highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in Virginia, the biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was

answer

a lack of workers

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Spanish missionaries considered European ideas about civilization to be

answer

necessary for the full conversion of Indians to Christianity

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It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands because it helps us better understand

answer

that the West Indies had direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in Carolina

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Indentured women

answer

were not permitted to marry until their servitude was complete

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Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New World in the 16th century, the English of the Virginia COmpany

answer

expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity

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King James's land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence a

answer

royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands

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Nathaniel Bacon distressed the royal government and the elite planters of Virginia because his demands

answer

threatened to transfer power from the traditional establishments to newcomers and small farmers

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The availability of land propelled the evolution of Chesapeake society and shaped a

answer

society with a degree of frontier equality and a pattern of settlement different from that in England

question

If one wanted to argue that there was less political equality in Virginia in the 1660s and 1670s than in the early years of the colony, one might use which of the following as evidence?

answer

Only male landowners and heads of households could vote after 1670, and there were no elections held for the House of Burgesses between 1661 and 1676

question

Crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony was

answer

tobacco

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Some planters viewed indentured servants as

answer

temporary workers and cheap investments

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Until the 1670s, almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700,

answer

one in eight people in the region was African

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Indentured servants tended to be

answer

poor young men born in England

question

By the 1670s, the Chesapeake social structure was polarized. This social structure was based in which of the following criteria?

answer

Ownership and quantity of land, income, degree of freedom

question

17th century Chesapeake society was essentially a society of

answer

servants and ex-servants

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Yeoman-planter means

answer

farmer who owns a small plot of land that is worked primarily by himself and his family

question

Most hired workers

answer

earned in one year in Chesapeake tobacco fields what they earned in 2 or 3 years of labor in England

question

Only 38/144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by

answer

malnutrition, disease, and the failure to let go of traditional notions of class and labor

question

Lord Baltimore received 6.5 million acres in the Chesapeake region and created the colony of Maryland as a refugee for Catholics

answer

however, the majority of settlers there were Protestants, few of whom were as wealthy as the catholics and conflict existed between the groups

question

By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

answer

sugar

question

The shift from an indentured servants labor force to a slave labor force occurred for many reasons; one was that

answer

slavery provided a perpetual labor force

question

The social and political distance that existed between planters and small farmers decreased between 1660 and 1700. Factors involved in this change include the

answer

decline in the number of indentured servants in the colony and a greater dependency on slave labor

question

Spanish conquerors exploited the weaknesses of the Mexican empire, which included

answer

subject peoples who did not see the Mexica as legitimate or fair rulers

question

The emergence of Mongollon culture was characterized by

answer

pit houses and small farming settlements

question

The Athapascan tribes - mainly Apache and Navajo - were

answer

skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo Indians

question

Archaeologists believe that the first ancient Woodland mound builders were organized into chiefdoms because

answer

the impressive organization used in building the mounds and the artifacts found within them suggest that the power to command labor from others was in the hands of one person

question

The greatest similarity among the many tribes that inhabited North America at the dawn of European colonization was that

answer

their distinct cultures had developed as adaptations to their local natural environments

question

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the work of a historian?

answer

Historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people

question

The term Archaic describes the

answer

hunting and gathering cultures that descended from Paleo-Indians, as well as the period in time from 10,000 BP to approximately 4000-3000 BP.

question

Archaic Indians who hunted the bison herds of the Great Plains were

answer

nomads who moved constantly to maintain contact with their prey

question

The Archaic Indians of the Great Basin maintained their basic hunter-gatherer way of life until long after AD 1492 by

answer

diversifying their food sources and migrating to favorable locations

question

The basic reason for the early, prolonged absence of humans in the Western Hemisphere is that

answer

North and South America had become detached from the gigantic continent of Pangaea

question

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the work of a historian?

answer

Historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people.

question

Scholars speculate that Hopewell culture declined

answer

because farming and new weapons encouraged local autonomy and made central authority unnecessary

question

The Mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

answer

the poor, the common, and the conquered to the rich, the noble, and the conquerors (poor to rich)

question

Native Americans related to the natural environment by

answer

adapting to it and changing it in a variety of ways that served their own interests

question

At the time of Columbus's arrival in the New World, the population of Native Americans in North America is prudently estimated to have been

answer

4 million

question

Burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with

answer

Woodland cultures

question

In 1492, Native American cultures were

answer

so varied that they defy easy and simple description

question

Multistory cliff dwellings and pueblos are residential structures associated with the

answer

Anasazi communities

question

Around 4000 BP, which of the following important changes occurred among Woodland cultures?

answer

They incorporated limited forms of plant growing and pottery making into their hunting-gathering lifestyle

question

Archaic cultures in the Southwest adopted agriculture in response to

answer

environmental conditions that made the supply of wild plant food highly unreliable

question

The analysis of grave goods in burial mounds at Hopewell sites shows that in his chiefdom at least,

answer

burial was reserved for the most important members of society

question

Evidence indicates that before 1492 Native Americans

answer

engaged in violent conflict and that some practiced cannibalism

question

The Puritans who founded Massachusetts Bay colony

answer

had not broken completely with the Church of England and had no use for the Separatist beliefs of some of their fellow Englishmen who earlier had founded the Plymouth colony

question

Which of the following is an accurate description of Archaic Indians?

answer

They hunted smaller game with traps, nets, and hooks and used tools to process wild foods

question

After their arrival in the Western Hemisphere, Paleo-Indians migrated to the southern tip of South America and virtually everywhere else in the Western Hemisphere within

answer

1,000 years or so

question

Agriculture changed Archaic cultures because it

answer

encouraged the gradual establishment of permanent settlements and discouraged mobility

question

In 1664, New Netherland

answer

became New York when King Charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land

question

New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the

answer

Protestant Reformation of the early 16th century

question

When Francisco Vasquez de Coronado ventured into the Southwest and Great Plains of North America, he was searching for

answer

the Seven Cities of Cibola

question

Archaeological evidence indicates that the California Chumash culture was characterized by

answer

a notable amount of conflict among villages

question

Puritans in England in the mid-seventeenth century

answer

won a civil war, proclaimed England a Puritan republic, and ruled the nation from 1649 to 1660

question

Between 1492 and 1592, the approximately 225,000 Spaniards who settled in the colonies were made up primarily of

answer

poor young men of common lineage who were artisans, laborers, soldiers, and sailors

question

The largest treasure found in the New World before 1540 was held by the

answer

Incas

question

The League of Five Nations, which remained powerful well into the eighteenth century, was formed as

answer

an alliance among Spain, England, France, the Netherlands, and Portugal in AD 1500 to promote New World exploration

question

The creation of New World led indirectly to the founding of two other middle colonies

answer

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

question

When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in

answer

the East Indies

question

Children born from a Spanish man and an Indian woman in the Spanish New World would be considered part of which social class?

answer

mestizos

question

Accusing people of witchcraft in the 17th century New England seems to have been

answer

a way to explain the continual disorder in some communities by blaming difficulties on mostly older, relatively defenseless WOMEN assumed to be in league with Satan

question

The Navigational Acts of the 1650s and 1660s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to

answer

yield revenues for the Crown and English merchants and divert the colonies' trade from England's competitors and enemies

question

By the 1680s, New England's religious consensus had weakened to the point that

answer

only 15 percent of adult males were church members in some towns

question

Hernan Cortes was eventually able to defeat the Mexicans in 1521 by enlisting the help of

answer

tens of thousands of Indian allies who favored the destruction of Mexico

question

Because of the 17th century New England land distribution policy, towns

answer

tended to consist of centrally located family homes and gardens surrounded by agricultural land

question

The group that held the most exalted position in Mexican society was

answer

warriors

question

In the 17th century, Puritan churches

answer

experienced a growing number of divisions over issues of doctrine and church government

US to 1877: Chapters 1-4 – Flashcards

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