Flashcards About US history CHAPTER 9-10
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John D. Rockefeller
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John D. Rockefeller was an American industrialist and philanthropist who was an important figure in the industrial era of American economic development. horizontal integration-system of consolidating many firms in the same business. (oil refinerary)
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Mass Production
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is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines.
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce.
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Andrew Carnegie
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Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist and businessman who is best known for his role in the immense expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century, as well as his important philanthropic efforts
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Corporation
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company recognized as a legal unit that has rights and liabilities separate from each of it's members.
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Knights Of Labor
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a secret organization whose professed purpose is to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen as respects their relations to their employers.
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Thomas Edison
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an American inventor who is best known for inventing a practical light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera.
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Entrepreneur
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an individual who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on financial risk to do so. Contents
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Sweatshop
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small factories where workers work under harsh conditions for little pay.
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American Federation Of Labor
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1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
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Interstate Commerce Commission
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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
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Homestead Strike
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pitted one of the most powerful new corporations, Carnegie Steel Company, against the nation's strongest trade union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.
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Monopoly
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exclusive control by one company over an entire industry
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Skyscrapers
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very tall buildings made of steel
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Mass Transit
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public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people
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Gilded Age
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term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era which was characterized by a facade of prosperity
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Nativism
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belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers
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Urbanization
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expansion of cities and/or an increase in the number of people living in them
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Rural-To-Urban Migration
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a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city
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William Randolph Hearst
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competitor of Pulitzer who owned the Morning Journal
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Vaudeville
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Shows were a medley of musical drama, songs, and off-color comedy.
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Elisha Otis
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developed a safety elevator that would not fall if the lifting rope broke.
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Horatio Alger
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An author who focused on moral issues, in his stories.
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Ellis Island
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island in New York Bay, previously the principal immigration station for the US. (~12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island from 1892-1943)
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"Melting Pot"
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society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture
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Mass Culture
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Spread of transportation, communication, advertising was that Americans all across the country became more alike and their consumption patterns as well.
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How is a cartel differs from a monopoly?
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-A cartel is an association of businesses that agrees to limit their production in order to keep prices high, a monopoly drives other competitors out of business making themselves the sole option for the product.
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As farms became mechanized, how did America change?
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Fewer farm laborers were needed, so out of work farmers and their families moved to Northern cities to work in factories. They now had access to clothes and other products tat they would have had to make by hand in the past.
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At processing stations, officials met with immigrants to determine their medical condition and?
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They had to show that they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them.
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Capitalism fueled industrialization by?
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The idea of capitalism, or free enterprise, in which individuals owned most businesses, inspired entrepreneurs, and entrepreneurs fueled industialization.
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Cartels, monopolies, trusts, and horizontal and vertical integration all share the goal of?
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-Controlling a business, company, or product.
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Corporations had the important advantage of?
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Being owned by more than one person. If the business tanked, the investors lost no more than they originally invested in the business.
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How does horizontal integration differs from vertical integration?
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Horizontal integration combines many firms of the same business into one, while vertical integration combines many processes of the same business into one.
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How did Ellis Island differ from Angel Island?
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Ellis Island in New York processed mostly Europeans while Angel Island was in San Francisco and processed the Chinese and other Asian Immigrants.
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How did the federal government support employers during times of labor unrest?
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It sent federal troops to restore order during strikes and riots.
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In the late 1800s how were industrial workers treated?
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Workers faced many hardships in the 1800s including low wages, poor conditions, and dangerous jobs.
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In the late 1800s, workers tolerated poor wages and working conditions because they?
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Had to support their families and there were always more people than there were jobs.
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In what field did significant technological innovation occur in the late 1800s?
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Steel and railroads
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In which system does one company control the businesses that make up all phases of a product's development?
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Vertical integration
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Most Midwestern cities were established near?
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-Water
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Why did most new immigrants lived in cities?
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Because their factory jobs were in the city.
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Rural-to-urban migration was primarily motivated by?
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Jobs
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Steel changed people's lives by making possible the?
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Railroads
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The federal government formed the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee?
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Trade between states
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The first reliable streetcars were powered by?
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Electricity
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The ICC was formed to?
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oversee railroad operations
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The Sherman Antitrust Act imposed limitations upon which group?
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The powers of Corporation.
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Traditionally, immigrants had come to America for economic opportunity and?
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Religious freedoms
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What were travel accommodations for most immigrants to the United States like?
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Very poor, They stayed in the bottom of the ships called the steerage. It was crowded and the people who were ill mostly died and the people who were healthy became sick.
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What feeling did Li Keng Wong experience on Angel Island?
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anxiety
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What punishment would a corporate violator of the Sherman Antitrust Act face?
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a fine not exceeding 10,000,000 or a imprisonment not exceeding 3 years.
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What was one effect of the events in Haymarket Square?
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The decline and end of the Knights of Labor
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What was one result of the Haymarket Riot?
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The execution of 4 anarchists and the decline of the Knights of Labor.
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Which argument supports the perception of big business leaders as "captains of industry"?
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industrialists' support for technology benefited the economy. The businesses and advancements created by these industrialists benefited the nations economy, Stimulated innovation, and shaped the US into a strong international leader. They also established institutions in the hope that the disadvantaged could rise to wealth.
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Which event resulted in the execution of four anarchists and the decline of the Knights of Labor?
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The Haymarket Riot
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Which group of people made up the majority of immigrants to America before 1870?
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Protestants from Northern and western Europe
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Which industry most spurred economic growth and innovation in related industries?
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steel
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Which innovation extended the number of hours in a day that Americans could work and play?
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The invention of the light bulb by Thomas Edison
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Which invention made the building and use of skyscrapers feasible?
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The invention of the safety elevator invented by Elisha Otis in the 1850s ( the Bessemer process invention helped to enforce the steel and made it stronger)
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Which labor leader began the American Federation of Labor?
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Samuel Gompers
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35. Which labor organization was founded first?
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National Trades Union 1834
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36. Which of the following helped fuel economic growth by encouraging people to buy American goods?
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Protective Tariffs
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37. Which of the following limited membership to skilled craftspeople and focused on economic reforms?
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The American Federation of Labor
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38. Which of the following provided Americanization programs for new immigrants?
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The polish National Alliance and the Ancient Order of Hibernians,
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39. Which of these factors pulled immigrants to the United States?
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plentiful land, employment, western land was inexpensive, reduced fares on railroads to get farms, religious freedoms and voting freedoms as well as the possibility of finding gold
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40. Which of these immigrants would have been least likely to encounter prejudice?
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white, Irish and Germans and protestants
