question

_____________ strengthening occurs when synapses are active while the membrane of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized.

answer

Synaptic

question

Classical conditioning occurs when __________ stimuli and responses are transformed into ____________ stimuli and responses.

answer

unconditional, conditional

question

_______________ receptors are glutamate receptors found in the hippocampal formation that control calcium ion channels.

answer

NMDA

question

People with anterograde amnesia

answer

show impairment of complex relational learning.

question

This type of learning involves learning about relationships among many stimuli.

answer

Spatial learning

question

Learning to recognize music, learning sequences, and classical conditioning are examples of ____________ memory tasks.

answer

nondeclarative

question

An increased number of ______ receptors in the postsynaptic membrane strengthens the synapse.

answer

AMPA

question

Damage to the basal ganglia or infusion of a drug that blocks NMDA receptors there can disrupt

answer

instrumental conditioning

question

A ___________ excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is an intracellular measurement of the EPSPs produced by the synapse of the perforant path axons with the dentate granule cells.

answer

population

question

______________ refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior.

answer

Learning

question

The acquisition of specific behaviors and skills is the most important form of __________ memory.

answer

implicit

question

__________ is/are involved in the acquisition of episodic memories and complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction.

answer

Transcortical connections

question

The ____________ is part of an important system involved in classically conditioned emotional responses.

answer

amygdala

question

An increase in the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in postsynaptic neurons over the long term is known as

answer

long-term potentiation

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic forms of learning?

answer

emotional learning

question

Memories can be altered or connected to newer memories through a process known as ________.

answer

reconsolidation

question

In the visual cortex, the ________ stream is involved with object recognition, whereas the ________ stream is involved with perception of the location of objects.

answer

ventral, dorsal

question

Which of the following was NOT a conclusion drawn by Milner with regard to pure amnesia?

answer

The hippocampus is not involved in converting immediate memories into long-term memories. DID conclude: The hippocampus is involved in converting short-term memories into long-term memories. Incorrect answer The hippocampus is not the location of short-term memories. The hippocampus is not the location of and is not necessary for the retrieval of long-term memories.

question

This might explain how neurons are changed by experience in a way that would cause changes in behavior.

answer

Hebb rule

question

James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain

answer

could have reinforcing effects.

question

Functional-imaging studies have shown that specific types of short-term visual memories involve activity of specific regions of the

answer

visual association cortex.

question

When a rat encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in the

answer

lateral nucleus

question

Recognizing people by the shape of their faces and recognizing objects by how they feel or smell are examples of

answer

Perceptual learning

question

Neural circuits that contain memories are established by strengthening some synapses and weakening others; the low-frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs to a cell can __________ their strength in a phenomenon known as ________________.

answer

decrease, long-term depression

question

Providing a drink of water to a thirsty animal is an example of ___________ conditioning

answer

instrumental

question

A woman sustains physical abuse whenever her husband drinks whiskey. When she sees a whiskey bottle on the table, her stomach churns and she becomes fearful. What is the unconditional stimulus?

answer

The physical abuse The unconditional stimulus is one that triggers an automatic, unlearned response. Physical abuse naturally stimulates fear.

question

What process may be at the root of a successful classical conditioning experiment?

answer

Associative long-term potentiation Associative LTP is the increase of a weak synapse due to association with a strong synapse. Thus, an unrelated, neutral stimulus can come to trigger a specific response.

question

What enables structural or biochemical changes at synapses?

answer

Synaptic plasticity Synaptic plasticity enables structural and biochemical changes at synapses.

question

A man develops herpes simplex encephalitis resulting in destruction of the hippocampus. Why does he experience retrograde amnesia for events within 15 years of the brain injury but not for older memories?

answer

Older memories are not stored in the hippocampus; newer memories are still being consolidated. The hippocampus converts short-term memories to long-term memories (consolidation) but long-term memories are stored in other brain regions. See below.

question

What mechanisms are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP)?

answer

Opening of NMDA channels, post-synaptic depolarization, rise in post-synaptic calcium concentration LTP involves opening of NMDA channels, post-synaptic depolarization, and increase in post-synaptic calcium concentration.

question

Why is it important for neuron stimulation to be rapid for LTP to occur?

answer

Rapid stimulation depolarizes the dendritic spine of the postsynaptic neuron, allowing for strengthening of weak synapses.

question

A man hiking in the mountains is using headphones to listen to blues songs by Billie Holiday. He missteps, falls down a deep embankment, and is seriously injured. After a long and painful recovery, the man notices that whenever he hears a Billie Holiday song, he becomes anxious and panicky. What is the conditional stimulus, what neurological process does it illustrate, and in what brain structure has learning taken place?

answer

The music; long-term potentiation; the amygdala

question

Eyewitness accounts of crimes have sometimes been found to vary after more is learned about an incident. What mechanism is most likely responsible for this phenomenon?

answer

Reconsolidation

question

The research by Knecht in 2004 demonstrated that __________ is an essential part of long-lasting, long-term potentiation.

answer

dopamine (specifically L-DOPA)

question

The memory loss experienced by the famous case of H.M. was the result of surgery for his ______.

answer

463 epilepsy speech disorder brain tumor

question

Damage to the hippocampus or to regions of the brain that supply its inputs and receive its outputs, causes ________ amnesia.

answer

anterograde

question

Research has shown that memories older than approximately ____ years are relatively intact in people with __________ amnesia.

answer

fifteen, retrograde

question

To successfully retain information in short term memory, two processes are required. The first is to filter out irrelevent information, involving the __________, and the second is to maintain relevant information, involving the ________.

answer

basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex

question

An action potential that occurs in some type of pyramidal cells, and plays a role in learning, is called a

answer

dendritic spike

question

Which of the following is not part of the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe?

answer

amygdala

question

Semantic dementia is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the _______.

answer

anterolateral temporal lobe

question

The Morris water maze requires which of the following types of learning?

answer

relational

question

There is considerable evidence that when learned behaviors become automatic and routine, they are transferred to the ______.

answer

basal ganglia

question

Learning to recognize faces, melodies, and pictures are all examples of _________.

answer

non declarative memory tasks

question

___________ memories can be acquired gradually, whereas ___________ memories must be learned all at once.

answer

Semantic, episodic

question

A researcher examines the right posterior hippocampus of New York taxi drivers, and compares the size to non-taxi drivers. What do you think he will find?

answer

455-456 The right posterior hippocampus of the taxi drivers will be smaller than the same area in non-taxi drivers. The right posterior hippocampus of the taxi drivers will be about the same size as the same area in non-taxi drivers. The right posterior hippocampus of the taxi drivers will be larger than the same area in non-taxi drivers.

question

Models such as the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia and the eyeblink reflex in the rabbit have been used to study

answer

classical conditioning.

question

Research by Owen (1992) and Koroshetz (1993) demonstrate the importance of the basal ganglia in the learning of automatic responses. The subjects were patients with _______ and ________, both of which are degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia.

answer

Parkinson's; Huntington's

question

The dorsal stream of the visual cortex continues into the ___________ and carries information relating to _______________.

answer

posterior parietal cortex, object location

question

Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to

answer

exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus.

question

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Yourmother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Threemonths later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example,the unconditional response is

answer

feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.

question

Which of the following is true of motor learning?

answer

Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways.

question

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynapticdendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.

answer

nitric oxide; glutamate

question

Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor fromopening in response to only glutamate?

answer

The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions.

question

________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to theterminal button.

answer

Nitric oxide

question

An example of a natural reinforcer is

answer

food for a hungry rat.

question

Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.

answer

basal ganglia

question

Procedural memory does not rely on the _______ and ________ memory system in the same way as ________ memory.

answer

hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative

question

Which is true of anterograde amnesia?

answer

They may not recognize people they met just moment's before, and It results from a failure of memory encoding and storage.

question

H.M. could learn parts of new motor skills.

answer

True; Patient H.M. was able to perform all of the following tasks quite well except consolidating

question

The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. Thenotion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation ofthe appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which

answer

TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.

question

CER is blocked by AP5 (_______) in the __________.

answer

NMDA antagonist; amygdala

question

A stimulus that predicts an ______ outcome will change neural transmission in the ______ to produce the somatic, autonomic and endocrine signs of _______, as well as increased attention to that stimulus.

answer

aversive; amydala; fear

question

One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits. This is an example of which type of memory?

answer

classical conditioning.

question

Declarative memory is synonymous for __________.

answer

explicit memory

question

Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.

answer

True; Hippocampal damage produced by anoxia releases glutamate, which in turn activates NMDA

question

Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?

answer

Storage of information is highly sensitive to context. ARE KEY FEATURES: Episodic memory, unlike semantic memory, is self-centered. Episodic remembering takes the form of mentally "traveling" in subjectively experienced time. Brain damage is more likely to impair episodic remembering than semantic knowing. The key function of episodic memory is to allow the individual to remember personal past happenings as such; semantic memory is not capable of this function.

question

The right hippocampal formation is activated by

answer

spatial information

question

Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory?

answer

Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory. ARE COMMON FEATURES: Both systems allow the organism to know about aspects of its world that are not immediately present. Storage of information is highly structured. The shared features of both systems are present in a wide range of animals. The operations of neither system depend on language.

Unit 9 Ch 13 – Flashcards

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