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miners

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People who moved west in search of gold or silver.

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ranchers

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Brought Beef to East - encouraged RR expansion - cow towns -Indian land stolen/ takes

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cowboys

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Cattle handlers who drove large herds across the southern Great Plains. The era of the cowboy lasted from 1870 to the late 1880s.

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Dawes Act

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1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

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Gilded Age

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..., A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

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Railroads

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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Steel

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Andrew Carnegie

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Banking

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J.P. Morgan

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Oil

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Rockafellar

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Trusts

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Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

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Monopoly

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A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

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Examples

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Rockafellar, Carnegie, and Morgan Lassiez Fare

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Effects of Technological advancements

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Production skyrocketed, Businesses were run like machines, push towards urbanization

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Labor Unions

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Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

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Labor Union Methods

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Boycotts, negotiotians, strikes, protests, riots

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Labor Union Limitations

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Many people needed jobs, some people couldn't strike, violence cause to end of the Knights of Labor

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Labor Union Successes

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Better wages, reasonable hours, and safer working conditions

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Relationship Between Big Business and Government

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Government took a hands off approach to big companies in exchange for money essentially

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tariff

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A special tax added to imported goods to raise the price, thereby protecting American businesses and workers from foreign competition.

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Court rulings in the gilded age

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Large corporations dominated in the courts

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Social Darwinism

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19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.

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Gospel of Wealth

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This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

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Social Gospel

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A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation, taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

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City problems

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Slums, dumbbell tenements were poorly sanitized. Immigrant slums. Poop on the street. Bunch of People lived together

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Crime

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Boss Tweed victimizing the lower classes

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Political Machines

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Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.Sn

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Politics in the Gilded Age

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North and west voted Republican south-Democrat. The presidency had little power. All the power was in the hands of large corporations

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Patronage

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Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

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Civil Service Reform

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(CAA) , Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.

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Agrarian Discontent

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Farmers were having trouble selling, and thought it was because of the shipper, but really there was too much supply.

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Populist Party

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U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

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Election of 1896

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Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

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William Jennings Bryan

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Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

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Progressive Era

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Period of reform from 1890s-1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significants in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.`

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Muckrakers

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A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

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NAACP

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- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded at the Niagara Convention

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Booker T Washington

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Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

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W.E.B Dubois

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1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

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Marcus Garvey

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African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

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Theodore Roosevelt

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1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

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Bully Pulpit

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the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

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Square Deal

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Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

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Taft Presidency

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reduced conservation, slowed Progressivism, caused Republican split

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Wilson Presidency

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-federal reserve regulation which soon becomes the federal banking system. Racist.

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