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1. What ushered in the "Modern Age?"

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the great European voyages of discovery

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2. List three major consequences of the great European voyages of discovery.

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1. Populations in Americas were destroyed & replaced by newcomers from distant lands. 2. International trade swelled. 3. People the world over started growing new plants and eating new foods.

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3. Why did Western Europe, and not the Muslim world, succeed in these great voyages?

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The Muslim world was dealing with internal concerns following the disruptions of the Mongol conquests.

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4. Why did Western Europe, and not China, succeed in the great voyages of discovery?

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China was also looking inward after halting the ocean voyages of Zheng He. Kings in Western Europe, on the other hand, encouraged exploration to find new trading opportunities to increase their wealth and to help them compete against rival kings. When the Muslim Ottomans took control in the Middle East and disturbed overland trade routes, both Spain and Portugal sent explorers to look for new ocean routes to the spice-growing lands of Asia. While Spain stumbled across America instead, Portugal succeeded in opening a southern trade route to Asia by sailing around Africa into the Indian Ocean.

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5. What was the overall importance of these great voyages to European history and to world history?

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European nations went from being a quarrelsome collection of Medieval states to the world's most dynamic civilization, still quarrelsome but armed with advanced ships and weapons. From this point forward, Western civilization and world history were bound together.

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6. Who arrived with three small ships in the West Indies in October 1492?

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Christopher Columbus

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7. What effect did the Spanish conquistadors have on Native Americans?

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The Aztec and Inca civilizations perished, conquered by the Spanish conquistadors.

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8. What was the "Columbian Exchange?"

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an exchange of products between the Americas and Europe prompted by Columbus' connecting the two landmasses

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9. What did the Native American cultures contribute to Europe?

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corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, peanuts, coffee, tobacco

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10. What crops and animals were brought from Europe to the Americas?

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wheat, oats, barley, grapes, rice, sugarcane, horses, sheep, cows

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11. What import from Europe had the greatest impact on the Americas?

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disease

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12. What were joint stock companies and how were they important in the development of capitalism?

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Stock (or shares) was sold to several investors who shared the expense and risk of expensive ocean trading voyages. If a ship went down, no single investor lost everything, but if a voyage was successful, all stockholders shared in the profits.

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13. Oh, and btw, what is capitalism?

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Capitalism is an economic system. Capital is wealth such as ships, factories, or money. Under capitalism, people are free to own capital and make their own decisions about how to use it.

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14. With Native American populations dying off, what did European countries begin importing to America from Africa?

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slaves

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15. What part did Africans play in the slave trade?

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Africans began kidnapping other Africans in large numbers and selling them to European slave traders.

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16. What was the nickname of the three-sided trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas?

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triangular trade

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17. What was Africa's chief export to the Americas?

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human beings (slaves)

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18. In at least two good sentences, describe conditions on the slave ships.

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Conditions on the slave ships were appalling. Many slaves died of disease from eating rotten food and breathing foul air. Some desperate slaves took their own lives.

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19. What was "the Middle Passage?"

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the middle part of the triangular trade route, in which slaves were brought from Africa to the Americas.

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20. Portugal's trading empire included ___ and trading stations in Africa and Asia.

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Brazil

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21. Spain's holdings in America were called "New Spain" and stretched from what is now the southern ____ to the tip

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from the southern USA to the tip of South America

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22. What was Spain's biggest business enterprise in the Americas? It made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe, if not in the world.

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silver mining

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23. What religious faith did the Spaniards spread across "Latin America?"

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Roman Catholicism

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24. From top to bottom, describe the social structure that emerged in New Spain.

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Top: Spaniards born in Europe Next: Creoles - Spaniards born in America Next: Mestizos - people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage & mulattos - people of mixed Spanish and black heritage Bottom: Native Americans & African Americans of unmixed ancestry

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25. Which dynasty in China tried to isolate China from Western cultural influences? How did they do this?

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The Ming Dynasty tried to isolate China from Western cultural influences by only opening two Chinese ports to European ships.

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26. Why did starving peasants in China eat goose droppings and tree bark?

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The Ming dynasty began requiring Chinese to pay their taxes in silver. When harsh weather reduced harvests, peasants didn't have enough food or enough silver.

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27. Like other Chinese dynasties, the Ming Dynasty eventually ___, ___, ___, and was ___.

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grew flowereddeclinedwas replaced

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28. Manchu nomads from Manchuria established the last dynasty in China. It lasted for about 250 years until the early 1900s. What was this dynasty?

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Qing

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29. What was the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan?

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By obtaining Portuguese firearms, three Japanese warlords conquered and unified Japan. The last of these warlords, Tokugawa, became Japan's shogun, or military ruler.

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30. What policy did the Tokugawa Shogunate adopt in Japan? What specifically did they do in carrying out this policy?

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Policy: Near total isolation from the West 3 Things They Did: 1. Expelled Christian missionaries 2. Burned Western books 3. Allowed only Chinese and Dutch to trade with Japan at just one port

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31. What Moscow fortress is still home to Russia's rulers?

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Kremlin

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32. What became and still is the largest country in the world?

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Russia

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33. Who was the 7-foot tall giant who helped modernize and Westernize Russia?

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Peter the Great

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34. Give examples of how Peter the Great tried to modernize and Westernize Russia.

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1. Adopted elements of Western culture & technology 2. Imported printing presses 3. Imported European clothing & architecture 4. Adopted the Western calendar 5. Reorganized Russian military & civil service along European lines 6. Built European-style capital at St. Petersburg

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35. What European-style city did Peter the Great build and make the capital of Russia?

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St. Petersburg

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36. Who was the German jeweler who improved on the Chinese model of the printing press?

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Johann Gutenberg

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37. What did the printing press do for printing? It also expanded ___ and spread news of ___ and ___.

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What it did for printing: Made printing much faster , cheaper, & more widely available Expanded literacy and spread news ot scientific discoveries & Renaissance ideas to wider audiences

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38. What was the biggest blow to the Roman Catholic Church? It happened in 1517.

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Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a Catholic church in Germany, thus initiating the Protestant Reformation

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39. Who was the Catholic monk and college professor who nailed his "95 Theses" (arguments) to the door of a Catholic church in Germany?

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Martin Luther

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40. Luther's attempt to reform the Catholic church is called the ___.

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Reformation

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41. Luther's protest led to the establishment of a new branch of Christianity, the ___ churches.

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Protestant

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42. How did the Protestant Reformation open minds to new ways of thinking?

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People could now read the Bible for themselves and could question the sacred teachings of the Church, as well as other long-held beliefs about science, politics, and society.

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43. What was the movement by the Catholic Church to fight the ideas of Protestantism?

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The Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation

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44. What was the new Catholic order that promoted education and sent missionaries to Asia and America?

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Jesuits

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45. What was the Inquisition?

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a system of church courts that placed heretics and sinners on trial; torture and imprisonment were used to extract confessions from Protestants & disobedient Catholics

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46. In 1492, Christian forces pushed the ___ Moors back to North Africa.

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Muslim

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47. After the "Reconquista" (Reconquest), whom did Christians expel from Spain?

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Jews & Muslims

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48. Who was the English king who in 1534 broke England from the Catholic Church so he could divorce his first wife and marry Anne Boleyn?

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Henry VIII

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49. Henry VIII's daughter grew up to become one of history's most brilliant rulers. Who was she?

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Elizabeth I

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50. Who is the playwright who wrote many of his plays during the Renaissance in England, the "Elizabethan Period?"

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William Shakespeare

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51. In 1588, the English navy defeated the "invincible" ___ ___ of 130 warships.

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Spanish Armada

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52. Beginning in the 1500s and lasting for more than 100 years, which two groups fought the "Wars of Religion" in Europe?

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Protestants & Catholics

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53. What was the last of the Wars of Religion?

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Thirty Years' War

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54. What principle was established by the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648?

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The ruler of each kingdom in Europe could choose the religion for his own land

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55. Southern Europe (France, Italy, Spain) chose to remain with the ___ Church.

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Catholic

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56. Northern Europe (Germany, England, and Scandinavia) generally chose to be ___.

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Protestant

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57. As a result of the Thirty Years ' War, which country replaced Spain as the strongest country in Europe?

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France

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58. European monarchs claimed to rule with a "___ ___," that came directly from God.

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divine right

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59. Who was the "Sun King," the grandest of the divine right monarchs? He ruled France for 72 years, when it was at the height of its power (1643-1715).

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Louis XIV

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60. What was the huge palace Louis XIV built twelve miles outside of Paris?

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Versailles

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61. What was the complex, dazzling, gold-ornamented artistic style of this palace?

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Baroque

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62. How did Louis XIV use his court at Versailles to control the French nobility?

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5,000 French nobles had to live at Versailles and had little to do except seek the king's favor and compete for honors.

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63. What was the Scientific Revolution, c. 1543-Late 1700s?

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Europeans began to make scientific discoveries that amounted to a leap in scientific understanding.

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64. Who used a telescope to observe the heavens and prove the Earth was not the center of the universe?

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Galileo

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65. What was the Catholic Church's response to this discovery?

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The Church disagreed with Galileo and locked him up.

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66. Who discovered the principle of gravity and concluded that all objects in the universe obey the same laws of motion?

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Isaac Newton

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67. Who was the Dutch shopkeeper and amateur scientist who built an early microscope?

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Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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68. The microscope helped him discover a new world of tiny organisms, thus challenging the accepted theory of ___ ___, a theory that proposed small creatures such as insects spring to life from rocks or air.

answer

spontaneous generation

Unit 7 Study Questions-Europe 1500-1600 – Flashcards

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