Unit 4 Exam – Flashcards
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| The genetic information in a cell |
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| genome |
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| What contains a cell's genome? |
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| The chromosome |
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| What are genes? |
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| segments of DNA |
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| What are the extrachromosomal pieces of DNA found in bacteria? |
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| Plasmids |
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| What does haploid mean? |
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| One |
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| Describe the bacterial chromosome |
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| Single circular strand of DNA 1 per cell Contained in nucleoid due to a lack of a nuclear membrane NOT associated with histone proteins |
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| Describe Eukaryotic chromosomes |
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| Peripheral Exist in pairs (diploid) Exist as linear molecs of DNA |
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| Eukaryotic extrachromosomal DNA can be found in ______ and _______ |
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| Mitochondria; chloroplasts |
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| What are the monomer units of DNA? |
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| nucleotides |
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| What nitrogen base is ONLY present in RNA? |
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| Uracil |
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| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? |
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| Phosphate group, sugar, and the nitrogenous base |
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| What is the formula for the pairing rule? |
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| %(A+T) + %(G+C)= 100% |
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| DNA is a ____ molecule: cut in half lengthwise, the DNA runs in opposite directions |
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| antiparallel |
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| Who discovered the double helix shape of DNA? |
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| Watson and Crick |
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| ____ synthesizes new DNA using one of the parental strands as a template |
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| DNA polymerase |
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| DNA replication is semi-_______ |
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| conservative (one original strand, one daughter strand) |
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| What makes RNA different from DNA? |
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| Ribose is the sugar Uracil replaces Thymine SINGLE STRANDED molecule SHORTER |
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| What are the locations of RNA in eukaryotic cells? |
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| nucleus and cytoplasm |
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| What are the location of DNA in eukaryotes? |
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| nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts |
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| What are the different forms of RNA in prokaryotes? |
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| mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA |
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| Identify: The synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template |
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| Transcription |
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| Describe the PROCESS of transcription |
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| mRNA carries the coded information from DNA to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized |
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| Identify: Uses the enzyme RNA polymerase and RNA nucleotides from the cytoplasm for construction of the mRNA molecule |
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| Transcription |
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| What is the "language" of mRNA? |
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| Codons |
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| What is the "start" codon for mRNA? |
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| AUG |
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| What types of codons code for amino acids? |
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| Sense codons |
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| What is another name for "stop" codons? |
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| nonsense codons |
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| What is the site of translation? |
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| The ribosome |
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| What type of bonds join AMINO ACIDS? |
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| peptide bonds |
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| Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? |
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| the nucleus |
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| True or false: Prokaryotes have introns AND exons |
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| False; only exons |
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| ____ will remove the intron derived RNA and splice together the exon derived RNA To produce mRNA |
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| Ribozymes |
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| Conjugation requires cell-to-cell ____ |
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| contact |
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| What kind of plasmid codes for the synthesis of sex pili |
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| Gram - |
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| Conjugating cells must generally be of the _____ mating type |
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| opposite |
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| What does Hfr stand for? |
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| high frequency of recombinatino |
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| Define bacteriogenic |
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| contain genes that synthesize toxic proteins that kill other bacteria |
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| What type of plasmid code for enzymes that trigger catabolism of unusual sugars and hydrocarbons? |
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| Dissimilation plasmids |
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| Define transformation |
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| Genes are transferred from one bacteria to another as "naked DNA" |
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| What are the three mechanisms of gene transfer? |
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| transformation, conjugation, transduction |
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| Agents in the environment that directly or indirectly bring about mutations are called what? |
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| mutagens |
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| What is the purpose of the Ames test? |
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| to measure the reversion of histadine auxotrophs |
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| _____ uses bacteria as carcinogen indicators |
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| the Ames test |
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| What are the different types of point mutations? |
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| silent/neutral, missense, and nonsense |
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| a(n)___ has a nutritional requirement that is absent in the parent |
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| auxotroph |
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| Identify: when the mRNA is translated into protein the incorrect base may cause the insertion of the incorrect amino acid |
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| Missense |
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| Identify: creates a stop codon in the middle of an mRNA molec. |
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| Nonsense codon |
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| What is genetic engineering? |
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| A process by which genes are inserted into cells |
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| ____ is where RNA polymerase initiates transcription |
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| Promotor site |
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| Define transgenic |
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| organisms that contain genes from another species to improve food quality and productivity |
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| ____ lakes have deep, clean water, low BOD, high DO and high amount of game fish |
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| Oligotrophic |
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| _____ lakes have shallow, murky water, high BOD, low DO |
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| Eutrophic |
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| Identify: The animal life of the plankton family |
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| zooplankton |
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| What is the predominant fecal coliform? |
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| e. coli |
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| ____ water is safe to drink |
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| potable |
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| Drinking water is obtained from either ___ ____ or _____ |
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| surface reservoirs or aquifers |
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| Primary treatment removes _____ ______ |
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| biodegradable matter |
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| What is the purpose of secondary treatment? |
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| to remove organic matter thereby reducing BOD (biological oxygen demand) |
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| salmonella typhii invades gall bladder leading to chronic carriers (typhoid mary) Humans are the exclusive host |
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| typhoid fever |
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| vibrio cholera 3-5 gallons diarrhea/day best treatment is oral electrolyte therapy |
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| Cholera |
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| shigella flexneri Diarrhea with mucous and blood Large intestine is the primary site of the disease |
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| bacillary dysentery |
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| Entamoeba histolytica usually from unsanitary food/water treated with antidiarrheal meds |
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| amoebic dysentery |
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| giardia lamblia distinctive odor of H2S gas in breath and greasy stools Common in wilderness water sources |
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| giardiasis |
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| fecal-oral virus can survive several days outside of the body vaccine available |
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| Hepatitis A |
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| E. coli part of normal flora watery diarrhea with low grade fever |
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| Traveler's diarrhea |
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| Salk vaccine is most recommended Sabin vaccine is oral virus that has 3 serotypes |
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| Poliomyelitis |
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| cryptosporidium parvum protozoan that causes severe watery diarrhea can be fatal in immunocompromised patients |
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| Cryptosporidium |
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| What are saprophytes? |
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| decomposers |
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| symbiotic organisms that consist of algae and fungi |
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| lichens |
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| what are the pioneer organisms of barren rock to soil formation? |
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| lichens and cyanobacteria |
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| _____ uses microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants |
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| bioremediation |
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| _____ makes use of certain microbes selected for growth on petroleum products |
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| bioaugmentation |
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| _______ creates a diamond shaped crystal toxic to insects that ingest it |
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| Bacillus thuringiensis |
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| What greenhouse gas is more potent than carbon dioxide? |
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| methane |
