question

Which of the following sentences correctly makes use of terms from the introduction to biotechnology?

answer

Genetic engineering can move genes from one species into another, creating a transgenic organism.

question

The pointer is indicating the virus's _____.

answer

genome

question

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____.

answer

transcription

question

How does the definition of "transformation" in Griffith's work with lethal and non-lethal strains of Streptococcus relate to the use of the term in this chapter?

answer

This chapter expands the definition of transformation to include the specific mechanism, DNA transfer, by which bacteria can gain new traits.

question

Which of the following is a major difference between PCR and replication of DNA during the cell cycle?

answer

PCR only copies a specific portion of DNA. Replication copies the entire genome.

question

Looking at the gel below, what can you conclude about the DNA in these samples?

answer

The DNA in sample C is longer than the DNA in sample A.

question

Which of these DNA molecules is the shortest?

answer

E

question

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.

answer

negative ... positive

question

Why is golden rice pale yellow in color?

answer

It is rich in beta-carotene.

question

Which of these is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

answer

blindness

question

Which of these is a vitamin A precursor?

answer

beta-carotene

question

The transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from genetically engineered bacteria to disease-causing bacteria _____.

answer

seems unlikely

question

DNA fragment A consists of _____ base pairs.

answer

1,268

question

Which of these genes are located on the q arm of chromosome 17?

answer

gastrin and GH1

question

The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in eye development

question

The gene that codes for gastrin is located on the _____ of chromosome 17.

answer

q arm

question

The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in the regulation of the cell cycle

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth?

answer

GH1

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function?

answer

MPO

question

You perform a restriction digest using Allele 2, run the sample on a gel, and probe using a piece of DNA that spans this extra restriction site. Which sample on the gel below belongs to Allele #2?

answer

sample C

question

Why have Florida citrus farmers been using more pesticides?

answer

In an effort to kill the organism that spreads citrus greening.

question

Which of the following techniques are scientists using to disrupt the DNA in crop species in the hope of speeding up evolution?

answer

Bombarding the plants with radiation.

question

You are buying groceries at a typical American grocery store. Which of the following foods is most likely to be genetically modified or contain genetically modified ingredients?

answer

corn meal

question

You are a member of Greenpeace and wish to organize a protest outside of the federal agency in charge of food labeling in the U.S. Where should you take your group of protestors?

answer

Food and Drug Administration

question

Utilizing a gene from which of the following currently appears to offer the most hope of saving Florida's orange trees from citrus greening?

answer

spinach

question

Imagine if proteins were constructed from 45 amino acids instead of 20. How many bases long would each codon in the DNA need to be in order to code for 45 unique amino acids?

answer

three

question

In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____.

answer

RNA polymerase

question

In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____.

answer

the promoter

question

In the diagram below, the two blue strands represent _____.

answer

DNA

question

Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides?

answer

GTTACG CAAUGC

question

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.

answer

5' —> 3'

question

The genetic code is often described as redundant. What feature of the genetic code does this reference?

answer

Most amino acids have more than one codon.

question

How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene?

answer

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the gene.

question

Which of the following is a good reason for mRNA to be single-stranded, instead of double-stranded like DNA?

answer

because a complementary strand of RNA would prevent the binding of tRNA anticodons to the codon

question

What type of mutation is caused by adding one nucleotide into the middle of a sequence?

answer

insertion

question

The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by _____.

answer

Jacob and Monod

question

Which of these is NOT a component of the lac operon?

answer

regulatory gene only

question

Regulatory proteins bind to _____.

answer

the operator

question

In the presence of a regulatory protein the lac operon is _____.

answer

not transcribed

question

In this animation the blue sphere represents _____.

answer

lactose

question

Click on the diagram to start the animation. In this animation the orange object represents _____.

answer

RNA polymerase

question

Which of these is a regulatory gene?

answer

D

question

The protein pepsin is produced in the cells lining the stomach, but not in cheek cells. Why is this?

answer

There are no transcription factors for pepsin in cheek cells.

question

What would you expect to see inside the cells of a woman with Turner's syndrome (XO)?

answer

no Barr bodies

question

Which of the following would have to be collected to provide a sample for a DNA profile from a home testing kit?

answer

saliva or blood

question

You wish to write a letter of concern to the federal agency in charge of regulating home DNA testing kits. Who should you contact?

answer

Food and Drug Administration

question

You buy a home DNA test kit and you send in a sample. What is being read to analyze your results?

answer

SNPs

question

You are a geneticist and discover a gene that increases the chance of an individual getting colon cancer. Can you patent this gene?

answer

No

question

Which of the following is a big concern regarding home DNA test kits?

answer

The lack of standards.

question

If there is a gene in humans that works the same as MRAP2 in mice, what will happen if it is switched off?

answer

The individual will gain weight.

question

Your friend was adopted. Her weight is most likely to be similar to who?

answer

her biological mother

question

Following the old concept of weight loss and caloric intake and assuming you do not begin an exercise program, how many Calories a day would you have to give up every day in order to lose one pound in a week?

answer

500

question

Which of the following is true regarding mice lacking MRAP2?

answer

Their appetites increased as they got older.

question

What do current studies indicate?

answer

Humans have similar genetic responses to weight gain as mice lacking MRAP2.

question

According to the findings in this study, which of the following is true?

answer

The environment plays a role in the cause of certain diseases.

question

Rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and multiple sclerosis are all autoimmune diseases. Which of the following is true?

answer

Gene switches likely play a role in these diseases.

question

Rather than "junk" DNA, such material is now referred to as what?

answer

Dark matter

question

Your identical twin is diagnosed with Crohn's disease. Which of the following is true?

answer

You may or may not get Crohn's disease.

question

According to this study, which of the following is true?

answer

In humans, less DNA is used for genes than gene switches.

question

The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the _____.

answer

rupture of the bacterium

question

The pointer is indicating the _____.

answer

viral protein coat

question

As a result of the lytic cycle, _____.

answer

the host cell's DNA is destroyed

question

What did Wilkins and Franklin discover?

answer

DNA is a helix with repeating subunits.

question

How can we best summarize the role of Watson and Crick in discovering the structure of DNA?

answer

They created a key hypothesis for the structure of DNA.

question

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

answer

thymine ... cytosine

question

After DNA replication is completed, _____.

answer

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

question

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.

answer

helicase

question

The action of helicase creates _____.

answer

replication forks and replication bubbles

question

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?

answer

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

question

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.

answer

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

question

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

answer

template

question

Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.

answer

ligase

question

After DNA replication is completed, _____.

answer

each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand

question

The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.

answer

helicase

question

The action of helicase creates _____.

answer

replication forks and replication bubbles

question

Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?

answer

DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

question

The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.

answer

RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand

question

Which of these is responsible for catalyzing the formation of an RNA primer?

answer

D (the green square)

question

An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

answer

template

question

Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA?

answer

DNA polymerases

question

Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?

answer

The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

question

During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA?

answer

T

question

The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is

answer

DNA ligase.

question

Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE?

answer

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

question

Which of the following is most responsible for DNA forming a double helix instead of a single helix?

answer

hydrogen bonding between bases

question

How is DNA replication most affected by the two strands of DNA running in antiparallel directions?

answer

Replication of one strand must be discontinuous.

question

You wish to prove that DNA replication is semi-conservative. You choose to work with bacteria because they only have a single chromosome. You have a very special device that can measure radiation in individual cells. Which radioactive element or compound should you add to the cells prior to division and what do you expect to see?

answer

Add radioactive phosphate and expect each cell to contain a radioactive chromosome.

question

How do mutations affect an organism?

answer

all of the above

question

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

answer

small

question

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:

answer

her egg cells

question

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?

answer

a G paired with a T

question

In replicating a DNA strand, polymerase makes a mistake and puts adenine across from guanine. How might a proofreading enzyme detect this mistake?

answer

The two nucleotides are too large to fit across from each other. The enzyme will notice the bulge.

question

A thymine base is replaced by a cytosine in a DNA molecule. What type of mutation is this?

answer

substitution

question

UV rays can strike two thymine bases sitting beside each other on the same strand, causing them to become linked tightly to one another. This pulls the thymines closer together, altering the spacing of the nucleotides. What kind of error during replication is this likely to cause?

answer

deletion

question

Assuming other things to be equal, which of the following individuals is most likely to suffer from heart disease?

answer

A person with high LDL levels.

question

Your uncle suffers from heart disease and controls it with a common form of medicine. What does he take?

answer

statin

question

What is currently believed to be the biggest hurdle to overcome with the new heart disease drugs being tested?

answer

They are expensive.

question

You are a scientist for the federal agency in charge of deciding if a new heart disease drug can be used. Who do you work for?

answer

Food and Drug Administration

question

Your family is known to have a mutation in PCSK9. Which of the following is true?

answer

Members of your family are more likely to have a heart attack or stroke.

question

You are a molecular biologist and wish to change the proteins that cells make. Which of the following should you do?

answer

Change the sequence of the nucleotides.

question

Which of the following is in the correct order from simplest to most complex?

answer

nucleotide, amino acid, protein

question

You work for Synthorx, creating synthetic DNA. You create a sequence on one strand of CTXAGGC. What is its complimentary strand?

answer

GAYTCCG

question

Your cousin is a xenobiologist working to insert synthetic DNA into a virus with the goal of creating a vaccine for H.I.V. If she follows similar methods to those already used, which of the following will she need to aid her in this process?

answer

algae gene

question

Which of the following has yet to be shown?

answer

Cells with synthetic nucleotides make new proteins.

question

Which of the following is most likely to be passed on to the next generation?

answer

a mutation in the DNA in cells in the ovaries

question

In the 1800s, it was commonly believed that the traits of both parents for any feature blended to create the offspring and that the blended trait was passed on. Which of the following observations was most important to Mendel's understanding of genes as unchanged units of information?

answer

Recessive traits can reappear in later generations.

question

Considering pea flowers, where purple is dominant to white, describe the genotype of a plant with the alleles Pp.

answer

heterozygous

question

Mendel worked _____.

answer

in a monastery

question

Which of the following represents an EXCEPTION to the law of independent assortment?

answer

linkage

question

Which of these facts, if he had known them, might have led Mendel to formulate different rules for inheritance?

answer

There are many genes on each chromosome.

question

What error is responsible for creating Jacob syndrome?

answer

nondisjunction of chromosomes

question

Considering all the genetic diseases covered in this chapter, what general conclusion can you draw about genetic diseases?

answer

Most genetic diseases are pleiotropic.

question

Which of the following tools is NEVER necessary when evaluating a gene with incomplete dominant inheritance?

answer

test cross

question

Doing which of the following increases your risk of developing heart disease?

answer

Smoking.

question

Your brother died of a heart attack at age 47. Assuming no other risk factors, what does this do to your chance of developing heart disease?

answer

Doubles it.

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

If a person has early heart disease, their children may or may not have it.

question

Your aunt is 63 and has a non-fatal heart attack. Which of the following is true?

answer

She is younger than average for having a first heart attack. (found this answer to be shocking)

question

You are a cardiovascular surgeon. Where do you insert stents?

answer

blocked arteries

question

Your 28 year old friend is pregnant. Which of the following screenings is she most likely to initially have to test for Down syndrome?

answer

blood test

question

How is the fetal DNA used in this new screening tool unique?

answer

It is not from a cell, but is floating freely in the mother's blood.

question

Which of the following is true?

answer

The chance of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality increases with the age of the mother.

question

Which of the following is true regarding this new fetal DNA test?

answer

A decreased number of false positive tests for both Down syndrome and Trisomy 18.

question

Which of the following best summarizes current research on this new fetal DNA test?

answer

It works well for finding errors in chromosome number.

question

What defines a short sleeper?

answer

They can function well on 6 hours of sleep or less.

question

While it is estimated that less than 5% of the population are short sleepers,

answer

an estimated 30% of the population sleep only 6 hours per night or less.

question

The risks of sleep deprivation include which of the following?

answer

all of the above

question

The discovery of a gene associated with short sleepers means that

answer

there is potential to manipulate sleep pathways with medication.

question

Since there is a genetic explanation for short sleepers, you would expect

answer

that this trait appears more frequently among family members.

question

Current best estimates suggest that life has been on Earth for how long?

answer

3.5 billion years

question

If life exists or originated on another planet, most scientists today believe that it is which of the following planets?

answer

Mars

question

Which of the following is true regarding current scientific thought?

answer

RNA originated before DNA.

question

You discover a new means of energy transfer by organisms living in hydrothermal vents in the ocean. Who is most likely to be interested in funding your research?

answer

Everett Shock

question

Which of the following scientists is closest to creating life?

answer

J. Craig Venter

question

How do cells fit long pieces of DNA into a compartment as small as the nucleus?

answer

The DNA is wrapped around histones.

question

What is the function of the telomere?

answer

Telomeres prevent the ends of chromosomes from being damaged.

question

True or false. Mitosis takes place during M phase of the cell cycle, which is longer than interphase.

answer

false

question

A certain species of animal has six pairs of chromosomes. How many DNA molecules are present in the nuclei of these animals during G2 phase?

answer

24

question

Which of the following checkpoints does not occur late in G1?

answer

A check that chromosome replication has been successfully completed

question

Compare the cells of a woman's leg muscle to the cells of a baby growing inside her womb. What is the most important difference between them?

answer

The chromosomes in the cells of the woman's leg muscle are genetically identical to the rest of her body. The baby's cells contain only half of the mother's chromosomes.

question

Nucleoli are present during _____.

answer

interphase

question

Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____.

answer

telophase

question

Chromosomes become visible during _____.

answer

prophase

question

Centromeres divide and sister chromosomes become full-fledged chromosomes during _____.

answer

anaphase

question

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____.

answer

prometaphase

question