Unit 2 Lecture – Flashcards
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| What is the measurement of the amount of matter contained in an object? |
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| mass/weight |
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| If Chlorine has the atomic mass/weight of 35 and the atomic number of 17, what is the number of neutrons in an atom of chlorine? |
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| 18 |
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| What are the subatomic particles on which the atomic number is based? |
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| protons |
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| What is the atomic mass/weight of an atom with 23 protons, 24 neutrons, and 25 electrons? |
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| 47 |
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| How many energy levels (shells) are in an electrically neutral sodium atom? |
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| 3 |
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| How many electrons are in the outer energy level of an electrically neutral atom of oxygen? |
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| 6 |
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| What is the name given to any positively charged ion? |
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| cation |
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| What type of bond is formed by the transfer of an electron? |
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| ionic |
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| What is the name given to any negatively charged ion? |
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| anion |
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| What is the name that refers to atoms with the same atomic number but with different atomic masses/weights? |
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| isotopes |
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| An atom of potassium, whose atomic number is 19, is more likely to become (a cation or an anion)? |
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| cation |
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| What is the molecular weight of C2H4O2? |
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| 60 |
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| Using the periodic table, identify the element whose electrically neutral atom has 2 enery levels with 2 electrons in the outer energy level. |
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| berylium |
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| Which term refers to a pair of shared electrons? |
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| single covalent |
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What type of reaction is demonstrated as A + BC --> AC + B or AB + CD --> AD + CB? |
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| exchange |
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| What is the organic base that is found in ATP? |
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| adenine |
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| What is the name of the theory, or hypothesis, that describes how an enzyme works, or bonds specifically with, its substrate? |
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| lock and key |
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| The process of removing the amino group from amino acids is referred to as ______. |
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| deamination |
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| The shape of most protein molecules may be described as ____________. |
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| conformations |
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| A total of how many electrons are needed to fill the outer shell of most atoms? |
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| 8 |
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| What type of bond is found between the bases in the DNA molecule? |
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| hydrogen |
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| _____ are usually composed of protein and aid in chemical reactions without being used up. |
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| Enzymes |
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| If a protein's shape is changed, it is been ______. |
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| denatured |
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| In DNA, adenine always bonds to the which complementary base? |
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| thymine |
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| Collagen and keratin are examples of which basic type of protein? |
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| structural proteins |
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| Which of the following is the type of lipid that is the basic component of cell membranes? |
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| phospholipid |
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| Identify the process by which water is removed so that larger organic molecules are formed from smaller molecules. |
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| dehydration synthesis |
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| Guanine always bonds to _____ in a DNA molecule. |
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| cytosine |
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| The sugar that composes part of the ATP molecule is |
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| ribose |
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| To become stable, an atom will always attempt to fill it's ______. |
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| outer energy level of electrons |
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| A chemical reaction that absorbs or requires the intake of energy is a/an ____ reaction. |
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| endergonic |
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| Which of the following is not a type of carbohydrate? |
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| glycerol |
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| Sucrose is composed of ______ . |
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| glucose and fructose |
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| Which of the following is not a major class of organic compounds? |
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| fat |
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| Fructose and glucose are __________ . |
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| isomers |
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| Glycogen is most similar to ____ . |
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| starch |
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| Which of the following is a hydrogen isotope with a mass of 3? |
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| 1 proton, 2 neutrons, 1 electron |
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| Carbon |
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| usually forms four covalent bonds. |
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| A food product label lists the following information. Carbohydrate 5g., Protein 3g., fat 4g. per serving. How many calories per serving would this product contain? |
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| 68 |
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In which of the following is the element and its number of bonds paired correctly?
a. H-2 b. C-3 c. N-1 d. O-4 e. none are correct |
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| none are correct |
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| All carbohydrates are composed of _____ . |
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| H,C,O |
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| Complete the following reaction: NaOH + HCL --> |
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| NaCl + H2O |
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| Which of the following is a disaccharide that is produced by the combining of glucose and galactose? |
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| lactose |
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The sugar fructose is composed of _____ .
a. glucose and galactose b. glucose and glucose c. sucrose and maltose d. maltose and lactose e. none of the above |
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| none of the above |
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We get most of our food energy from _______ .
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| carbohydrates |
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| Glycogen, a major nutrient reserve of animals, is an example of a _____ . |
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| polysaccharide |
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| Which of the following is not a steroid? |
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| chlorophyll |
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| The smallest protein consists of about ____ amino acid units. |
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| 100 |
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| The bond between amino acids is a/an _____ . |
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| covalent bond |
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| The only carbohydrate capable of directly producing energy by cellular respiration is ____ . |
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| glucose |
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| Both RNA and DNA are known as which of the following types of organic compounds? |
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| nucleic acids |
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| Which of the following is not an electrolyte? |
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| Iron |
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| Which of the following is not a part of a nucleotide? |
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| a carboxyl group |
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| Which of the following is not always contained in a lipid? |
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| a metal |
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| Lipids are primarily important as |
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| energy storage molecules |
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| Fats are best described as being composed of _____ . |
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| glycerol and saturated fatty acids |
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| Which of the following molecules has a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophylic portion? |
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| phopholipid |
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| If an atom had the atomic number 14 and atomic mass of 27, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons would it contain? |
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| 14,13,14 |
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Enzymes are _______ .
a. proteins b. catalysts c. inorganic d. both a & b e. both b & c
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| both a & b |
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| Which of the following is incorrect? |
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| DNA cannot self replicate |
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| Which of the following occurs when the sequence of amino acids is changed? |
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| The protein is changed to a different protein. |
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| Which of the following is not formed by the dehydration synthesis of only glucose molecules? |
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| sucrose |
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| Which term refers to the "water loving" nature of the phospholipid head? |
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| hydrophylic |
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| Identify the two men that first described the structure of a DNA molecule. |
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| Watson and Crick |
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| AT pH ___ , the concentration of acid equals base. |
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| 7 |
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| All of the breaking-down reactions/process of the cells of an organism |
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| catabolism |
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A peptide bond
a. is formed by dehydration synthesis b. can be broken by hydrolysis |
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| both a & b |
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| The name given to the COOH group of an amino acid |
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| carboxylic acid group |
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| An endo toxin is associated with some |
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| gram negative cell walls |
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ATP
a. contain ribose b. is a high energy molecule c. has phophate groups d. contains adenosine e. all of the above |
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| all of the above |
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| The extra-chromosomal DNA in a cell that codes for ancillary functions |
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| plasmid |
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| If you denature a protein, you have |
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| broken the hydrogen bonds within |
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A major function of proteins is
a. structural material b. enzymes c. antibodies d. pigments e. all of these |
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| all of these |
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| This structure is composed of nucleotides and encodes the cell's genetic information |
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| DNA |
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| The cleaving of the bonds within the fatty acids by microbial action is referred to as |
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| rancidity |
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| Which of the following would break large molecules into smaller components with the readdition of water? |
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| hydrolysis |
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| This is the type of bonding characterized by sharing of electrons |
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| covalent |
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| The type of bond that links amino acids together |
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| peptide |
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| The type of bonds that links the monosaccharides in maltose, starch, or glycogen molecules |
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| glycosidic |
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| DNA and RNA are composed of basic units called |
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| nucleotide |
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| Which type of reaction may be used to aid ph balance? |
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| neutralization |
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| A particle with a negative charge and low mass is a/an |
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| electron |
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| NaCl, when dissolved in water, would dissocate into Na+ and Cl-.; What erm would refer to Na+? |
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| a cation |
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| Most biological energy is involved with exchanges of the |
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| electron |
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| The two strands of DNA are held together by |
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| hydrogen bonding |
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| An acid and base will react to form a salt and |
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| water |
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| A pH of 3 means that a solution is |
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| acidic |
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| Carbon will typically form a _____ bond with other atoms. |
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| covalent |
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| The part of an organic compound that has a predictable reaction or solubility is called the _____ group. |
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| functional |
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| The most common and energetically useful hexose is |
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| glucose |
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| Insects and some fungi contain the polysaccharide |
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| chitin |
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| A triglyceride is an example of a |
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| lipid |
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| All triglycerides must contain esters of fatty acids and |
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| glycerol |
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| Cholesterol is |
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| found within the membranes of cells that do not possess a cell wall |
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| Which contains no histones? |
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| prokaryotic DNA |
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| Which funtions in protein synthesis? |
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| RNA |
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| Which of the following is the energy carrier compound for living organisms? |
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| ATP |
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| Isotopes are elements iwth the same atomic weight but different atomic number |
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| False |
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| Oils are more saturated than fats. |
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| False |
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| The presence of this material within the bacterial cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) results in this organism being so invasive and difficult to treat |
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| Wax D |
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| Why is water so necessary in metabolism? |
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| it is polar solvent |
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| Large organic molecules are formed by what type of reaction? |
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| dehydration synthesis |
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| A + B --> AB + H20 is an example of a _____ reaction. |
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| dehydration synthesis |
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| The loss of a hydrogen and its electron is referred to as ______ . |
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| oxidation |
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| The polysaccharide that assists in plaque formation by increasing bacterial adhesiveness to the teeth. |
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| dextran |
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| An acid + base reaction forms what 2 end products? |
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| salt and water |
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| In which level of protein structure do you include the intrachain bonding that occurs between the a and B-pleated sheets? |
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| tertiary |
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| Cells that contain cholesterol in their plasma membrane must have a cell wall for protection. |
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| False |
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| The term ___ refers to the entire set of genes or genetic make up in a cell. |
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| genome |
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A molecule that is a combination of two or more different elements in a fixed ration, is called a ____ .
a. molecule b. compound c. a and b both d. neither one |
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| A and B both |
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| Why is water so necessary for proper metabolism? |
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| It is a polar solvent |
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| The purine bases in nucleic acids include |
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| guanine and adenine |
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| The a helix and B-pleated sheet are examples of |
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| secondary structure |
