Unit 12 Quiz – Flashcards
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Which of the following is NOT among the common cell types that make up the immune system? A) P-cells B) B-cells C) T-cells D) Phagocytes
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a
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Which of the following describes a known association with coronary heart disease (CHD)? A) In men, CHD begins 10-15 years earlier than in women B) Women who take estrogen to reduce the risk for osteoporosis are at significantly higher risk for CHD C) Men with blood cholesterol levels in the borderline-high range account for up to 10% of all deaths from CHD D) Women younger than 45 years of age tend to have higher LDL cholesterol than do men of that age, but this difference disappears after menopause
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a
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Since 1960, how have blood cholesterol levels and deaths from CVD among U.S. adults changed over time? A) A continuous upward trend for both B) A continuous downward trend for both C) A fall in cholesterol but a rise in CVD deaths D) An upward trend for cholesterol but a reduction in CVD deaths
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b
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What type of substance is resveratrol? A) Lipoprotein B) Antioxidant C) Soluble fiber D) Atherogenic promoter
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b
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Which of the following is a characteristic of factors associated with hypertension? A) Most people with hypertension have BMIs <25 B) Most people with hypertension are extremely salt sensitive C) Three to 4 alcohol drinks per day lowers risk for hypertension D) African Americans develop high blood pressure earlier in life and their average blood pressure is higher than others
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d
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In the measurement of blood pressure, the units are expressed as A) cm of silver. B) cm of depth. C) mm of plaque. D) mm of mercury.
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d
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The percent risk of developing hypertension later in life when the blood pressure is normal at age 55 is A) 0. B) 10. C) 50. D) 90.
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d
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Which of the following statements describes a risk factor for high blood pressure? A) Three alcohol drinks per day increases the risk for developing high blood pressure B) Most people are genetically sensitive to sodium and will develop high blood pressure from excess salt intake C) Ninety-five percent of people under 50 years of age with high blood pressure respond favorably to low salt intake D) Ninety-five percent of people with high blood pressure who restrict salt intake show a significant decrease in blood pressure
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a
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What percentage of people with diabetes have type 1? A) 5-10 B) 10-20 C) 20-35 D) 45-55
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a
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Insulin resistance is defined as A) reduced sensitivity of cells to blood insulin. B) impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreas. C) increased destruction of insulin-producing cells. D) refusal of people with type 1 diabetes to self-inject insulin.
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a
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Among the following ethnic groups, which has the lowest risk for type 2 diabetes? A) American whites B) Asian Americans C) African Americans D) Native Americans
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a
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What is the primary reason for increased urine output in uncontrolled diabetes? A) Insufficient levels of circulating insulin permit the kidneys to lose excess water B) High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine, drawing water with it by osmosis C) Excess circulating insulin affects the output of antidiuretic hormone, which allows greater losses of water D) Large amounts of body fat and glycogen are broken down, resulting in increased release of cellular water
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b
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In the otherwise stable person with type 1 diabetes, a potential problem associated with physical activity is A) hypoglycemia. B) hyperglycemia. C) nausea and vomiting. D) temporary kidney shutdown.
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a
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What term describes factors that enhance the development of cancer after it has been initiated? A) Promoters B) Post-initiators C) Tumor formatives D) Tumor directives
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a
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What term describes an abnormal cell mass that is not cancer? A) Benign tumor B) Promoting tumor C) Malignant tumor D) Premalignant tumor
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a
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A substance that causes cancer is termed a(n) A) carcinogen. B) antipromoter. C) DNA-modifier. D) RNA-modifier.
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a
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Which of the following cooking techniques for meats results in the least formation of carcinogens? A) Frying B) Grilling C) Broiling D) Marinating before cooking
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d
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Which of the following is known to speed up the passage of substances through the large intestine, thereby decreasing exposure time to carcinogens? A) Milk B) Fiber C) Omega-3 fats D) Refined starches
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b
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Conventional medicine and alternative medical therapies are commonly linked together into a practice called A) interactive therapy. B) yin and yang medicine. C) herbal-assisted healing. D) complementary medicine.
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d
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What treatment is effective against lead poisoning and is also considered an alternative therapy for cardiovascular disease? A) Ozone injections B) Chelation therapy C) Biofield therapeutics D) Hydroexpulsion therapeutics
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b
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What are cytokines? A) Scavengers of the immune system B) Specialized antibodies that retain B-cell memory C) Specialized proteins that activate responses to infection D) Highly specific cells that attack only one type of antigen
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c
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Kimmy is a curious 4-month-old baby who is just learning how to crawl. On Monday she came across some large dust particles underneath the couch, which caused her to sneeze and develop a runny nose and a cough. Two weeks later she came across more dust from the same place. Which of the following aspects of immunity allows Kimmy's body to remember how to respond to this dust again? A) T cells B) B cells C) Beta cells D) Spleen cells
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b
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Which of the following is a feature of AIDS? A) It has no cure B) Its prevention depends on good nutrition C) It cannot pass from mother to infant during breastfeeding D) It is among the 10 leading causes of death in the United States
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a
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Approximately how many people in North America have HIV or AIDS? A) 100,000 B) 550,000 C) 1.5 million D) 3.3 million
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c
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Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does NOT bear a relationship to diet? A) Cancer B) Heart disease C) Diabetes mellitus D) Pneumonia and influenza
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d
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By what age do most people first have well-developed arterial plaque? A) 30 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60
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a
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The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot that broke away from arterial plaque is termed A) an anginism. B) an embolism. C) circulatory hypoxia. D) a de-plaquing event.
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b
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What is prehypertension? A) A predictor of stroke risk B) Slightly high blood pressure C) A precursor for Syndrome X D) A component of the metabolic syndrome
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b
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What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis? A) HDL B) LDL C) HDK D) VLDK
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b
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Stefan was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. He is very scared about this new diagnosis because no one in his family has ever had it and he hasn't ever heard of it. His primary care physician refers him to your office for some counseling on his modifiable risk factors. Which of the following topics will you most likely discuss with Stefan? A) What medications to take B) How to improve his atherogenic diet C) How to slow down his aging process D) How to map out his family tree, identifying all relatives with heart disease
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b
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Diuretics act to lower blood pressure by A) increasing fluid loss. B) decreasing potassium loss. C) reducing arterial plaque formation. D) increasing retention of calcium and potassium.
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a
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Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes? A) It is an autoimmune disorder B) It occurs exclusively in people under 40 years of age C) It must be treated by daily oral intake of insulin pills D) It accounts for approximately 50% of all cases of diabetes
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a
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Gangrene is a common complication primarily in people with A) cancer. B) diabetes. C) pancreatitis. D) HIV infection.
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b
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Which of the following is NOT among factors known to correlate strongly with risk for cancer of the head and neck? A) Tobacco use B) Alcohol intake C) Food additives and pesticides D) Low intake of vegetables and fruits
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c
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Which of the following foods is known to contain abundant amounts of phytonutrients that protect against cancers of the esophagus and endometrium? A) Fermented dairy foods B) Cruciferous vegetables C) Allium-rich vegetables D) Lycopene-rich vegetables
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b
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Potatoes that are fried or baked at high temperatures are a source of the carcinogen A) glioma. B) creatine. C) acrylamide. D) benzo(a)pyrene.
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c
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Why is complementary and alternative medicine considered to be unconventional medicine? A) It is not taught in medical schools B) Insurance companies refuse to cover it C) Safety and effectiveness are not well established D) It is used primarily by chiropractors and herbalists
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c
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What is the name of the cancer-treatment substance first extracted from the bark of old Pacific yew trees (and now synthesized in the laboratory)? A) Ephedra B) Paclitaxel C) Kombucha D) Germanium
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b
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Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV or AIDS? A) HIV but not AIDS is curable B) AIDS develops from HIV infection C) Optimal nutrition can prevent but not cure HIV D) Since the 1990s, the death rate from HIV and AIDS has increased markedly
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b
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The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration is called a(an) A) aorta. B) plaque. C) aneurysm. D) diverticula.
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c
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Which of the following may be classified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease? A) BMI of 26 B) Low LDL-cholesterol levels C) High HDL-cholesterol levels D) High C-reactive protein levels
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d
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Which of the following is a characteristic of gender and coronary heart disease? A) There are fewer deaths from CHD in women than in men B) At every age, men have a higher risk for CHD C) The rate of CHD suddenly accelerates after menopause D) After age 55, aging becomes a risk factor for CHD in men but not women
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b
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Which of the following is a feature of blood triglycerides and risk for coronary heart disease? A) High triglyceride levels are now designated as a major risk factor B) Elevated triglycerides are not an independent risk factor C) High triglyceride levels correlate strongly with high HDL levels, which is a predictor for low risk D) Triglyceride concentrations are low in very-low-density lipoproteins, which correlate with risk for metabolic syndrome
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b
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Which of the following is NOT among the associations between smoking and coronary heart disease? A) Smoking damages platelets B) Smoking increases blood pressure C) Smoking as a risk factor for CHD is the same for women and men D) Cessation of smoking begins to lower the risk of CHD after 36 months
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d
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A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be A) polydipsic. B) insulin resistant. C) hyperglucagonemic. D) pancreatic beta-cell deficient.
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b
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Which of the following is the most likely reason that a blood pressure reading should be repeated before confirming a diagnosis of hypertension? A) The person reacted emotionally to the procedure B) Blood pressure measuring devices often give inaccurate readings C) The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too tightly on the arm D) The cuff of the blood pressure measuring device was wrapped too loosely on the arm
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a
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What happens to the risk for CVD for a person with a blood pressure of 120/90? A) It is halved B) It is doubled C) It is unchanged D) It is reduced by 25%
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b
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Peripheral resistance of blood flow is calculated as A) heart rate divided by pulse rate. B) cardiac output times blood pressure. C) ejection volume times stroke volume. D) blood pressure divided by cardiac output.
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d
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Which of the following is a characteristic of drug therapy for hypertension? A) Antihypertensive drugs work by lowering blood volume B) The most frequently prescribed drug therapies are DASH inhibitors C) Most people with hypertension need only one medicine to reduce blood pressure D) Major side effects of antihypertensive drugs are depletion of body sodium and phosphorus
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a
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Calcium-channel blockers are drugs chiefly for the treatment of A) atherosclerosis. B) prostate cancer. C) type 2 diabetes. D) high blood pressure.
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d
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Among the leading causes of death in the United States diabetes ranks number A) 1. B) 3. C) 7. D) 10.
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c
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In which of the following conditions would the pancreas be unable to synthesize insulin? A) Hyperglycemia B) Type 1 diabetes mellitus C) Type 2 diabetes mellitus D) Adult-onset diabetes mellitus
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b
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A person with diabetes is most likely to develop A) AIDS. B) cancer. C) heart attacks. D) diverticulosis.
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c
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What happens after absorption of carcinogens that are produced on meats from grilling over a direct flame? A) They are detoxified by the liver B) They act as initiators for breast cancer C) They act as promoters for prostate cancer D) They are subjected to enterohepatic circulation
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a
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What is ayurveda? A) A system that combines biofeedback with hypnosis B) An oriental plant that suppresses colon and breast tumor growth C) A Hindu system for enhancing the body's ability to prevent illness and to heal itself D) A variation of standard acupuncture technique that applies electromagnetic impulses to the needles
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c
