Unit 1: Nursing and Health Promotion (History and Theories) – Flashcards

-the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities -prevention of illness and injury -alleviation of suffering through the dx and tx of human response -advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations

-encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well, and in all settings -includes promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of ill, disabled, and dying people -nursing roles: advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education

-author: "Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not" -viewed nursing as "charge of somebody's health" based on the knowledge of "how to put the body in such a state to be free from diseases or to recover from disease" ~defined profession and standardized nursing; promoted health and improving health

-developed 1st organized training program for nurse (Nightingale Training School for Nurses @ St. Thomas' Hospital in London) -Crimean War (1853) volunteer: studied poor sanitation led to high mortality rate ~reduced mortality rate @ Barracks Hospital in Scutari, Turkey from 42.7% to 2.2% in 6 months

-the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individuals ∙ex: catheter in urethra leads to infection→ sterile techniques used to decrease infection with a urethra catheter; now a standard of care

-RN that obtain master's to specialize in nursing -(1) Clinical Nurse Specialist: expert at dx and treating client's in their area of specialty-client's, nurse mgmt, or nurse administration -(2) Nurse Practitioner: primary care provider; asses, dx, and prescribe rx for client's -(3) Certified Nurse Midwife: pregnant or post-partum client's -(4) Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist: administer anesthesia to client's

-Societal needs: adaptable and flexible to societal needs -Aging population: more geriatric client's -Emerging infections/antibiotic resistance: (ex.) Zika virus, Ebola, untreatable strains of bacteria -Disaster management: (ex.) mass shootings, flooding in Baton Rouge -Advances in technology: (ex.) telemedicine→ sky ping online between provider and client to assess client -Higher acuity of hospitalized clients: Client's are sicker in hospitals therefore increase preparedness to care for client's -Earlier discharges: Insurance covers shorter hospital stays thus have to prepare client's for earlier discharge and return home -Nursing shortage: older nurses are retiring and there's a professor shortage to teach nursing students -Affordable Care Act: defines where and how care is given -Increased incidence of chronic and long-term diseases: Increased chronic diseases, but people can live longer

-nurses protect the human and legal rights of their patients and help patients assert those rights when needed -help individuals receive healthcare, and make healthcare system more responsive to individual and community needs ~representative for client; speaks for client

-prevents duplication of services, reduces costs, and facilitate communication among involved parties -as a manager, you will collaborate with others to help your patients meet their established outcomes and will evaluate the manner in which care is administered ~non-direct client care; behind the scenes; utilize resources efficiently

-provides knowledge about health promotion and disease prevention to individuals and groups -some nurses have specialized areas of expertise or advanced practice standing which equips them to provide information ~provides info and educates by being specialized

-nurses help their patients regain health and find their maximum level of independent function through the healing process -healing involves the body, mind, and spirit; foundation of public image of nursing ~hands-on client care tasks; improve current health status

-teaching can be formal or informal and will involve the patient, family, significant other, or other support systems -teaching may range from chance remarks based on perception of client behavior to formal planned teaching

-assist individuals to integrate and balance the various parts of their lives -requires mindful blending of science and subjectively ~strategizes care and gives knowledge to improve health and achieve health goal; holistic

-nurses use research findings as the foundation to clinical practice and decision making -evidence based practice= conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best practice evidence ~problem→ formulates decisions or solutions

-correlates with health and wellness and creating health and wellness

-(1) Care for self: increasing emphasis on self=take care of oneself -(2) Care for peers: communication and civility=teamwork and respect -(3) Care for clients: promoting self-care

State of physical, mental, and social functioning that realizes the potential of which a person is capable -our current status, but there's potential for improvement (physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, social, environmental)

State involving progression toward a higher level of functioning, an open-ended and ever-expanding future, with its challenge of fuller potential and the integration of the whole being. -a positive state in which incremental increases in health can be made beyond the midpoint. These increases involve improved physical and mental health states. -achieving our optimal level of health (physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, social, environmental)

Social construct in which people are in an imbalanced, unsustainable relationship with their environment and are failing in the ability to survive and to create a higher quality of life -symptom or manifestation -ex: fever, burning during urination

Failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms to adequately counteract stimuli and stresses, resulting in functional or structural disturbances -the cause or medical dx -ex: urinary tract infection (UTI)

Paradigm that is bipolar, interactive portrayal of health and illness in myriad configurations, ranging from high-level wellness (+) to depletion of health (death)(-)

Science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health. The process of advocating health to enhance the probability that person (individual, family, and community), private (professional and business), and public (federal, state, and local government) support of positive health practices will become a societal norm -use of evidence based knowledge and caring to change negative behaviors to reach optimal health→education

Theory that people have an existence other than the mere sum of their parts and must be perceived or studied as a whole -providing care to the entire person (spiritual, mental, physical, etc.)

Helps understand factors influencing patient's perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors to plan care that will most effectively assist individuals in maintaining and restoring health and preventing illness -we gather what the client knows about health, then educate to improve the health of the client

Focuses on 3 areas: (1) individual characteristics and experiences, (2) behavior-specific kowledge and affect, (3) behavioral outcomes. -these personal characteristics interact with the environment to determine a person's motivation, attitudes, and actions to engage in health-promoting behaviors →3 areas will assist in improving health

Shows interrelationships of basic human needs -higher order needs can only be met when the lower needs have been met satisfactorily (physiological needs→safety and security needs→love and belonging needs→self-esteem needs→self-actualization)

Views health by considering emotional, spiritual, and cultural well-being. Understands the natural healing abilities of the body. -incorporates traditional and nontraditional medicine to maintain wellness and achieve health and healing

∙defines how we think -Development stage: how we do things during different ages -Intellectual background: higher education=↑ health -Perception of functioning: how things are and how they should be -Emotional factors: stress/anxiety impact how we think -Spiritual factors: religion

∙result of the internal variables -Family practices: family -Psychosocial and socioeconomic factors: economics (↑/↓) -Cultural background: culture ~all impact what we think and how our health is affected

∙Person is healthy→want to keep them healthy and prevent disease -prior to disease or dysfunction ∙Interventions maintain health -health promotion (education) -specific protection (immunization, reduce exposure to carcinogens and occupational hazards)

∙Person is in the early stages of a disease or at risk to develop a disease ∙Interventions for people with disease -early diagnosis -prompt treatment -limiting progression of disability

∙Person already has a defect or disability that's permanent or irreversible -minimize effect to prevent complications or deterioration ∙Maximize remaining abilities -restoration -rehabilitation

∙(1) Expected to continue to increase due to: -inflation -new, more advanced technologies -aging population -government financing of healthcare services -growth of prescription drug usage and costs -misdistribution of healthcare providers and services -growing number of uninsured and underinsured people

∙Less time in system for health promotion →no time for health promotion leads to more time spent with clients to improve health -changes in hospital care and use of hospitalists -increased utilization of outpatient services -shorter inpatient stays -increased time caring for chronic illness as opposed to acute illness →→focused on mgmt of issue rather than getting well -nursing shortage →→increased use of nonprofessional caregivers →→inadequate resources (staff) →→lower reimbursement

∙national guidelines to promote health by health promotion and disease prevention efforts -government program; national initiatives -increase health status of everyone in the country; large group of people educated -began in 1979 as "Healthy People" -reviewed every 10 years to increase health

∙attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death ∙achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups -receive same levels of healthcare ∙create social and physical environments that promote good health for all ∙promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages -improve health of all ages

-Persons with medical insurance -Persons with a usual primary care provider

-Adults who receive a colorectal cancer screening based on the most recent guidelines -Adults with hypertension whose blood pressure is under control -Persons with diagnosed diabetes whose A1c value is >9% -Children aged 19 to 35 months who receive the recommended doses of DTaP, polio, MMR, Hib, hepatitis B, varicella, and PCV vaccines

-Air Quality Index (AQI) exceeding 100 -Children exposed to secondhand smoke

-Fatal injuries -Homicides

-All infant deaths -Total preterm live births

-Suicides -Adolescents who experience major depressive episodes

-Adults who meet current federal physical activity guidelines for aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activity -Adults who are obese -Obesity among children and adolescents -Total vegetable intake for persons aged 2 years and older

-Children, adolescents, and adults who visited the dentist in the past year

-Sexually active females aged 15 to 44 years who received reproductive health services in the past 12 months -Knowledge of serostatus among HIV-positive persons

-Students who graduate with a regular diploma 4 years after starting 9th grade

-Adolescents using alcohol or any illicit drugs during the past 30 days -Adults engaging in binge drinking during the past 30 days

-Adults who are current cigarette smokers -Adolescents who smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days

∙Individuals -lifestyle and behavioral modifications ∙Healthcare providers -offer preventative services/monitoring behaviors ∙Community partnerships (work sites/faith communities) -to promote health