Unit 1 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Protazoa |
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| Single cell eukaryotes capable of motion. |
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| Algae |
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| Photosynthetic eukaryotes, categorized by their pigmentation and cell walls. |
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| Unicellular Algae |
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| Provide most of the world's O2 through photosynthesis, and are a major food source for marine life. |
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| Parasitic Worms |
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| Most grow to a visible size, but their microscopic eggs can be found in blood, feces, urine,and lymph specimens. |
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| Viruses |
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| Acellular parasites composed of DNA and RNA, not visible under light micrscope. |
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| Abiogenesis |
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| Spontaneous generation of life, theory proposed by Aristotle. |
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| Redi |
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| Exposed meat to flies, theorized that "animals come from animals." |
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| Needham |
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| His experiments confirmed the idea of abiogenesis. |
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| Spallanzi |
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| Disproved Needham's experiment. |
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| Pasteur |
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| Put the idea of Abiogenesis to rest. |
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| Pasteur |
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| His work solidified the scientific method. |
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| Theories or Laws |
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| Accepted hypothesises which can explain many observations and be repeated. |
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| Control Groups |
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| Necessary for an experiment to be identified as valid. |
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| Fermentation |
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| Causes the formation of alcohol to sugar, the formation of lactic acid, and the putrefication of meat. |
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| Yeast |
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| Category of microbes responsible for fermentation. |
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| Biotechnology/Industrial Microbiology |
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| Filed begun by Pasteur, microbes being intentionally used to manufacture products. |
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| Buchner |
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| His experiments demonstrated the existence of enzymes. He also began the study of biochemistry (study of cellular metabolism). |
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| Germ Theory of Disease |
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| Pasteur's theory, disease is caused by a specific pathogen. (only applies to;infectious;disease) |
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| Etiology |
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| Field founded by Koch, the study of causation of disease. |
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| Koch |
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| Discovered disease which causes anthrax, grew multiple bacteria on agar plates. |
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| Koch |
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| Took the first photomicrograph of bacteria, as well as the first photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue. |
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| Koch |
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| Used sterile lab techniques |
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| Beijernick |
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| Pioneered the idea of a filterable virus - non bacterial pathogens which were small enough to go through filters. |
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| Nosocomial Infections |
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| Infections which occur in a healthcare setting. |
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| Semmelweis |
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| Wanted med students to wash their hands, to rid them of "cadaver particles." |
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| Lister |
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| Dressed and sprayed wounds with carbolic acid (phenol). |
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| Epidemiology |
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| Study of;occurrence;of distribution and spread of disease in humans, founded by Snow. |
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| Immunology |
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| Field founded by Jenner, using vaccines to prevent disease. |
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| Ehlich |
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| Sold "magic bullets," after finding that different chemicals could be used to kill microbes differently. |
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| Biochemistry |
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| Study of metabolic reactions which occur in all living organisms. |
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| Molecular Biology |
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| Study of genome sequencing and evolutionary relationships. |
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| Woose |
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| Divided organisms into 3 groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. |
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| Gene Therapy |
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| The insertion or repair of missing or defective genes. |
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| Serology |
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| The study of blood serum. |
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|
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| 4 Requirements of Life |
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| Taxis |
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| Response to environmental stimuli. |
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| Organelles |
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| Specialized structures within a cell. |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| Gelatinous;substance surrounding the outside of a cell, composed of polyaccharides or polypeptides. Helps to prevent against;desiccation, and good for attachment of cells. Present in archaea, bacteria, and animal eukaryotic cells. |
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| Capsule |
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| Type of glycocalyx, composed of organized repeating units which are firmly attached to cell surface, may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host. |
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| Slimy Layer |
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| Type of glycocalyx. Loosely attached, water soluble layers which no not increase the virulence of bacteria. |
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| Flagella. |
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| Long structures which extend beyond the cell surface, responsible for motility. |
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| Filament |
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| Composed of gobular proteins called flagillin. |
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| Basal Body |
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| Anchors the filament and hook to a cell wall by a rod and series of either two or four rings of integral proteins. |
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| Runs |
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| Counter clockwise unified movement.; |
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| Tumbles |
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| Clockwise independent movement.; |
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| Positive Taxis |
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| Movement toward favorable stimuli |
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| Negative Taxis |
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| Movement away from negative stimuli |
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| Fimbrae |
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| Sticky bristle like projections all over a cell, allow for attachment to other bacteria or cells, ex. biofilms. |
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| Biofilms |
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| Slimy masses of microbes adhering to a substrate using fimbrae and glyocalyx. |
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| Pili |
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| Allows for the transfer of genetic information between cells. |
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|
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| Two glycan proteins which compose the peptidoglyan in bacteria cell walls. |
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| Gram Positive Bacteria |
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| Gram Negative Bacteria |
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| lipid a |
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| The lipid portion of LPS, very toxic and cancause damage if the cell is destroyed |
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| periplasmic space |
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| Space between outer and inner membranes, contains periplasam. |
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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| Type of bacteria without a cell wall. |
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| Mycobacterium |
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| Contain mycolic acid, which results in the need for an acid-fast stain. |
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| Cytoplasmic Membrane |
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| Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which can be described using the fluid mosaic model. Selectively permeable. |
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|
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| Name the 3 passive processes. |
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| Diffusion |
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| Movement from high concentration to low concentration of small or lipid soluble chemicals. |
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| Facilitated Diffusion |
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| Membrane proteins provide pathways for large or electrically charged molecules. Maintain the electrical gradient. |
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| Permease |
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| Proteins used in facilitated diffusion, which have a specific binding site for one substance. |
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| Osmosis |
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| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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| Isotonic |
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| Same water concentration across membrane. |
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| Hypertonic |
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| Higher concentration of solute vs. water. |
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| Hypotonic |
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| Lower concnetration of solute vs. water. |
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| Uniport |
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| Transport of one substance. |
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| Antiport |
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| Transport of two chemicals in the;opposite;direction. |
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| Symport |
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| Two substances moving in the same direction |
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| Coupled Transport |
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| The use of one chemical's electrical gradient to transport a second chemical. |
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| Group Translocation |
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| Substance being transported is chemically changed. |
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| Cytosol |
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| The mostly water, liquid portion of cytoplasm |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| Composed of cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, and the cytoskeleton |
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| Nucleoid |
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| The region in prokaryotes which contains the cell's DNA(usually one circular ring), also the site of some chemical reactions. |
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| Inclusions |
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| Deposits in cytosol, whichcontain lipids, starch, N, P, or S.Used when nutrients are scarce. |
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| Endospore |
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| Vegetative cell transforms into this when under stress. |
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| Sporulation |
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| The 8 to 10 hour process of endospore formation, can form centrally, suberminally, or terminally. |
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| Ribosomes |
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| Found in cytoplasm, and the site of protein synthesis in bacterial cells.; |
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| Hami |
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| Numerous helical filaments on archaea, which 'hook' archaea to surfaces. |
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| Binary Fission |
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1) Cell replicates its DNA 2) Cytoplasmic membrane elongates 4) Wall completely forms 5) Daughter cells separates |
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| Snapping Diffsion |
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| Reproductive process of some gram positive bacilli. |
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| Spores |
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| Repoductive cells which can develop into clones of the original. |
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| Budding |
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| Out growth of the original cell develops, and is eventually cut off. |
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| Fragmentation |
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| Reproductive development of small motile filaments, which leave parental cell. |
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| Viviparity |
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| Reproductive process of only Epulospicscum, live offspring emerge from dead mother cell. |
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| Methonine |
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| Start codon of archaea. |
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| Hyperthermophiles |
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| Require 80C+ to function |
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| Halophiles |
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Live in extremely saline environments. Need ; 9% NaCl to live |
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| Bacteriodopsins |
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| Pigments in halophiles which absorb light energy to pump proteins. |
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| Methanogens |
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Convert CO2 and H2 to CH4 Responsible for major greenhouse gas |
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| Deeply Branching Bacteria |
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| Autotrophs which "branched" off the tree of life very early, live in hot acidic environments. |
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| Photosynthetic Lamellae |
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| Pigments located in thylakoids where light is absorbed for photosynthesis. |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| Oxygenic gram negative cocci which are Nitrogen Fixers. |
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| Oxygenic |
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| Type of organisms which generate oxygen using chrlorophyl a. |
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| Nitrogen Fixation |
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| Reduction of N2 to NH3, ex. cyanobacteria. |
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| Heterocysts |
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| Wall in a cell which eparates nitrogen fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis. |
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| Green and Purple Phototropic Bacteria |
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| Use bacteriochlorophylls for photosynthesis,andare anoxygenic(don't generate oxygen). |
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| dehydration |
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| loss of H+ |
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| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
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| Transfer of PO4 3- to ADP from a phosphorylated organic compound. |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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| Energy from a redox reaction is used to transfer inorganic phosphate to ADP |
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| Photophosphrylation |
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| light energy is used to transfer inorganic PO4 3- to ADP |
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| Yes, ADP is "rechargeable." |
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| Can ADP be used to generate ATP more than once? |
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| Enzymes |
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| Organic Catalysts |
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| Hydrolases |
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| Enzyme that adds water in decomposition. |
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| Isomeraes |
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| Enzymes which rearrange atoms within a molecule. |
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| Neither |
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| Are Isomerases anabolic or catabolic? |
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| Ligase/Polymerase |
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| Enzymes which join 2 molecules together. |
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| Lysases |
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| Split large molecules without water. |
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| Oxidoreductases |
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| Enzymes which oxidize or reduce substrates. |
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| Transferases |
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| Enzymes which transfer functional groups between molecules. |
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| Apoenzymes |
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| Enzymes which require cofactors to become activated. |
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| Cofactor |
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| Non protein ions or coenzymes used to activate enzymes. |
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| Holoenzyme |
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| apoenzyme + cofactor = |
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| Ribozyme |
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| Enzymes made of RNA,they make protein enzymes. |
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| Active Site |
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| The enzyme's functional site. |
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| Cellular Respiration |
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| Breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O |
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