question

Demographers

answer

people who study the size, density, and distribution of human population

question

Pre-agricultural period

answer

coincided with the development of human culture -skills made humans adopt to new environment

question

Agricultural period

answer

domestication of plants and animals and the developing of farming more food, increase in population

question

Industrial period

answer

technologies powered by fossil fuels increased food production -agriculture expanded onto land where it was previously unfit for farming

question

Stage 1: Demographics Transition Models

answer

Human population is limited by low availability of food and high prevalence of diseases -death rate is high

question

Stage 2: Transition models

answer

mortality transitions improved economic conditions death rate decreases and birth rate stays high

question

Stage 3: mortality models

answer

fertility transitions; lower birth rates use contraceptives death rate is low and lower birth rate

question

Stage 4: Democratic models

answer

stability transitions low birth rate and low death rate birth and death rate are almost equal

question

Age-specific birth rates

answer

tells the number of children born in a year per 1000 women within defined age group

question

Infant mortality rate

answer

percentage of infants within a population who die before age 1

question

what is infant mortality rate influenced by

answer

water quality and sanitation

question

life expectancy

answer

average age to which a baby born at a given time will live, provides a summary of differences in survivorship

question

Age structure pyramids

answer

illustrate graphically how populations are apportioned according to age and gender

question

what forecasts future growth rates

answer

age structure pyramid

question

net migration rate

answer

difference between immigration and emigration per 1000 individuals in the population

question

Push factors of migration

answer

conditions that force people to emigrate; war, epidemics, famine, drought

question

Pull factors of migration

answer

conditions that encourage people to immigrate into a country; employment, educations, high living standards

question

Stage 1: Before Economic Transitions

answer

Birth rate: High Death rate: High

question

Reasons for Stage 1

answer

-low food availability - high prevalence of diseases - high death rate among young -zero to low population growth

question

Stage 2: mortality transitions

answer

Birth rate: high/ possibly increasing Death Rate: decreasing

question

Reasons for stage 2

answer

?improved economic conditions ?better living conditions and health care ?expanded access to education ?BR>DR

question

Stage 3: fertility transition

answer

birth rate: decreasing death rate: low

question

Reasons for stage 3

answer

?Continued economic developments ?People delay starting families (lower total fertility rates) ?People limit the number of children

question

stage 4: stability transition

answer

birth rate: low death rate: low

question

Reasons for stage 4

answer

BR nearly equal to DR zero population growth and decline

question

Immigration (pull factors)

answer

moving in -freedom, education, employment

question

Emigration (push factors)

answer

moving out -war, famine, oppression, persecution

question

Net migration rate; when is it high

answer

difference between immigration and emigration emigration is highest when there is a war

question

Ecological footprint

answer

area of land needed to supply resources consumed

question

Biocapacity

answer

area and quality of land to supply resources

question

population exceeds biocapacity when...

answer

ecosystem's good are imported

question

IPAT equation

answer

Impact, population, affluence, technology

question

what is IPAT

answer

conceptual model of human impact

question

Energy

answer

capacity to do work cannot be created nor destroyed

question

Work

answer

force applied to an object over some distance

question

Newton's laws of motion

answer

any object at rest will stay at rest, and any object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by some force

question

Potential energy

answer

energy that is stored in a system and available to do work in the future

question

Kinetic energy

answer

energy in motion

question

When you hold a book (what kind of energy)

answer

potential

question

What happens when a book is falling

answer

kinetic energy

question

What happens when a book hits the floor

answer

energy is shattered and heat is transferred

question

First law of thermodynamics

answer

total amount of energy in the universe is constant

question

What is the first law if thermodynamics called

answer

law of energy conservation

question

What is the second law of thermodynamics

answer

states that every energy transformed increases disorder

question

Entropy

answer

describes the disorder or disorganization in the system

question

what happens in every energy transformation

answer

the same amount of energy is converted to entropy

question

heat

answer

lease usable form of energy is that random motion of molecules

question

what does heat have a high amount of

answer

entropy

question

forms of energy that are important for ecosystems

answer

electromagnetic radiation heat chemical nuclear mechanical electrical

question

electromagnetic radiation

answer

energy acts as both particles and waves

question

electromagnetic spectrum

answer

entire range of wavelength gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves

question

Wavelength

answer

distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves

question

frequency

answer

number of waves passing a given point per unit of time

question

Hertz

answer

frequency of unit cycle per seconds

question

speed of light

answer

electromagnetic radiation travels at the same speed of light

question

What happens when there are shorter wavelengths

answer

energy will be higher because frequency is higher

question

Temperature

answer

measure of the average kinetic energy of a collection of molecules

question

heat can move by

answer

conduction, radiation, convection, latent heat transfer

question

conduction

answer

molecules ramming into other molecules and transferring heat since heat has to do with molecules and it hits up with something that has less energy, it will transfer the energy making the molecules move faster

question

Radiation

answer

waves of heat heat being transferred through heat waves most often it is infrared

question

Convection

answer

Water that is hot is less dense then cold water; if the water is less dense then it starts moving up because it wants to float on the water that is more dense Denser material wanting to move down and warmer wanting to move up Heat is transferred because hot molecules are moving up causing movement of the water

question

Latent heat transfer

answer

There is actual molecules moving As water starts to move, it causes gas;they have the most energy and begin to break away As things evaporate;the things that leave take the most energy Examples: when we sweat; it is taking energy away and is a mechanism to keep our body cool

question

What kind of energy is chemical energy

answer

potentional

question

What is chemical energy

answer

the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

question

When do you use energy

answer

to break bonds

question

when do you give off energy

answer

when you form bonds

question

Photosynthesis assembles...

answer

carbohydrates (glucose)

question

What do glucose bonds use

answer

potential energy

question

When needed, energy is released by ...

answer

respiration

question

Nuclear energy

answer

energy in the structure of matter (usually matter)

question

Nuclear fission

answer

nucleus of atom splits, creating two smaller atoms and releasing vast amounts of kinetic and electromagnetic energy

question

Nuclear fusion

answer

when atoms collide and fuse 2 atoms become one process that powers the sun and all the stars what gives off the energy from the sun

question

What is energy measured in

answer

joules calorie watt-hour

question

joules

answer

energy to support 1kg mass

question

Calorie

answer

energy to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C

question

Watt-hour

answer

amount of electricity for an hour at 1 joule per hour

question

What holds the earths atmosphere

answer

gravity

question

Atmospheric pressure

answer

air at surface compressed by gases above

question

Pressure _____ as altitude _______

answer

decreases; increases

question

Troposphere

answer

lowest layer life located here temperature drops with elevation

question

Stratosphere

answer

11-48 km temperature increases approaching ozone ozone later located here

question

what is the ozone layer

answer

located in stratosphere protects life from ultraviolet radiation ozone is pretty toxic to us

question

What is in the atmosphere

answer

water

question

Saturation vapor pressure: Temperature dependent

answer

amount of water air can hold rises with temperature as you get warmer, the air can hold more water

question

When does rain and fog occur

answer

above saturation vapor pressure water condenses

question

Relative humidity

answer

extent air is saturated with water expressed as percentage air cant hold as much water in the winter as it does in the summer

question

Dew point

answer

temperature where humidity is 100%

question

What happens when there is dew

answer

water becomes saturated

question

What happens when temperature goes up

answer

relative humidity goes down

question

when does air hold more

answer

when its hotter

question

Energy budget

answer

measures all energy entering and leaving Earth Balances over time

question

Solar radiation percent

answer

30% reflected to space 70% absorbed by land and water

question

how much of radiation that comes from sun is visible light

answer

40%

question

How much has shorter wave lengths and for the most part ultraviolet radiation

answer

9%

question

How much has longer wave length and is infrared

answer

51%

question

The solar energy that comes

answer

-6% never comes because its reflected off -20% is reflected into the clouds -4% is reflected from the earth's surface -3% is absorbed by clouds -16% is absorbed by atmosphere -5% is absorbed by land and oceans

question

From the energy that comes....

answer

7% is conducted back into space or convection -23% is carried to clouds and atmosphere by latent heat in water vapor -64% is radiated to space from clouds and atmosphere -15% is radiation absorbed by atmosphere

question

when sunlight interacts with water.....

answer

it causes molecules to move faster and rotate and vibrate more and then absorb energy and given off as infrared radiation

question

what is infrared radiation

answer

heat

question

what if the atmosphere was only nitrogen and oxygen

answer

then the infrared would go back into space because it does not interact with infrared radiation

question

what does the atmosphere contain

answer

water and carbon dioxide

question

what are the green house gages

answer

carbon dioxide and water

question

what do greenhouse gases do

answer

warm the earth

question

Is greenhouse affect the same thing as global warming

answer

no

question

explain greenhouse gases

answer

water molecules send of radiation in every direction, some goes back back into the space while some goes into earth; some interact with other molecules and therefore it radiates into other directions....it is trapping it in the atmosphere making the earth warmer

question

greenhouse is warmed because of...

answer

the roof and traps the heat

question

most abundant greenhouses gas in the atmosphere is...

answer

water vappor

question

why do we not worry about water vapor

answer

the water forms clouds therefore some of the radiation from the sun gets reflected back out from the clouds water helps to reflected -the amount of water in the atmosphere depends on the temperature

question

Explain water and rain

answer

air has a limit that the water can hold. if it exceeds that limit then it rains

question

climate

answer

-long term atmospheric conditions -years or decades -closer to equator the warmer and rainier it is -temperature, humidity and average rainfall

question

Weather

answer

Short-term variations local atmospheric conditions -thunderstorms, snow

question

Wind cells

answer

sunlight unequally heats Earth

question

Equator

answer

is getting a lot of energy and can hold a lot of water in the air

question

Warmer things

answer

are less dense

question

As the equator...

answer

heats up and causes the wind cells to rise up and cause rain and then pushes the less dense air which causes the air to sink causing it to sink because it doesn't have that much water in it

question

Difference causes

answer

differing temperature and pressures

question

Air circulates in

answer

large convection currents; climates are affected

question

when you move toward the poles

answer

you get less sun per area

question

Earth is tilted on its

answer

axis 23.5 degrees

question

More direct sunlight means

answer

that there is no more sunlight you get per area which means more energy

question

When you have the atmosphere...

answer

you have to go through less atmosphere so you get less energy causing it to be warmer in the summer

question

The only affect off seasons is...

answer

how directly the sun is to the place not the actual locations

question

the tilted earth causes what?

answer

differential heating throughout the year

question

what does it mean when you have more direct heating in the summer

answer

higher density of photons reaching Earth, less atmosphere through which photons pass

question

differential heating causes

answer

higher temperature

question

Coriolis effect

answer

earth is spinning causing the atmosphere to spin with it; equator is travelling faster therefore the wind is travelling faster

question

Earth is curved and the surface is.....

answer

not moving as fast as the equator causing wind to occur

question

Global warming potential causes

answer

change in climate

question

what is very important to the global warming

answer

current concentration and residence time

question

tiny concentrations have

answer

a huge impact

question

concentration in the summer begins to.....

answer

decrease because there is more photosynthesis and plant growth in the summer than in the winter

question

Carbon dioxide...in the winter because...

answer

increases; there is less growth in the winter

question

Global warming gases

answer

methane nitrous oxide carbon dioxide

question

Increase in carbon dioxide occurs because...

answer

we burn fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture

question

Fossil fuels cause an increase in what

answer

nitrous oxide

question

Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to increase how

answer

cut down trees that take trees that take carbon dioxide from the air

question

how does agriculture affect the increase in methane

answer

cows, pigs, animals because of machines and cutting down forests for more land

question

Consequences of global warming

answer

Climate pattern changing(drier and wetter); melting glaciers and ice sheets(80% Earths glacier retreating); rising sea levels, changing populations and ecosystems(climate key to ecosystems)

question

How do you forecast global warming

answer

predicating the future (computer simulation) Global circulation models (forecast climate change; accuracy checked by back casting (using past record))

question

why do we bother forecasting global warming

answer

to gage how much an effect we have now

question

yellow line

answer

shows us our lower limit (today's world-you know what we are doing)

question

red line

answer

kind of tells us our upper limit (business as usual; an assumption)

question

blue line

answer

people and government take sustainable actions to control co2 emissions

question

CAFE standards

answer

maximum of fuel efficiency for cars

question

The protection against selfish actions, why don't individuals have a big effect

answer

because there is already so much in the air

question

How much will switching to cleaner fossil fuels do

answer

take us down one wedge

question

Pro of cleaner fossil fuels

answer

pollute less

question

con of cleaner fossil fuels

answer

gets more expensive and we use what we use now because its cheap and per gallon it has a lot of energy

question

Renewable energy

answer

wind solar biofuels

question

wind; wedge potential

answer

eliminate 1 billion tons (very small)

question

Solar; wedge

answer

one wedge

question

biofuels; wedge

answer

one wedge

question

con for biofuels

answer

what are we using to make biofules,,corn and that uses a lot of land for it

question

cons of wind

answer

comes from windmills; only generate energy when its windy; storage issue; and kill birds

question

nuclear energy(need more land because)

answer

you have a place to dispose the waste and produces a lot of radioactive waves; there can be a nuclear power accident

question

Bio storage

answer

storing carbon in forests(plant trees) and in the Earth (through soil)

question

downside of bio storage in forests

answer

takes a lot of time for them to grow and you take more land to plant the forests and you take away land for farmers and developing countries

question

committed warming=

answer

inevitable change

question

what happens because of global warming

answer

earth still warming no matter what drier climate and drought increase rainfall and flooding increasing heat patters of storms rising sea levels regional differences

question

drier climate and drought effects...

answer

water supply and agriculture

question

increased rainfall and flooding effects...

answer

agriculture and infrastructure

question

increasing heat effects....

answer

crop losses and fires

question

patterns of storms effects....

answer

coastal areas at risk (strengthening levees and restoring coastal wetlands)

question

rising sea levels effects...

answer

coastal and low lying areas flooded salt intrusion of groundwater

question

regional differences effects..

answer

capacity to adapt not evenly distributed

question

electric energy

answer

energy of flowing charged particles (electrons through a wire)

question

Electric current is measured in

answer

amperes (amps)

question

electrical resistance is measured in

answer

ohms (?)

question

Electric potential is measured in

answer

volts

question

one volt is the ....

answer

difference of potential needed to drive one ampere of current against one ohm of resistance

question

electric power measured in

answer

watts

question

kilowatt hours

answer

unit of energy equal to power multiplied by time

question

electric generation

answer

we just burn it and it generates heat which produces steam then it turns a turbine

question

if you use wind or water power then you

answer

start at the turbine

question

turbine then does what

answer

turns the conducting material in the generator then you get electric power flowing through the electric current which goes into the forms of wire

question

coal is using...

answer

chemical energy which is turning into mechanical energy because it is making things move then turning into electric energy

question

transformers

answer

reduce amperage and increase voltage to facilitate transmission(then do reverse at the end)

question

Multiple power plants do what

answer

feed the power grid

question

Electric power grid

answer

network of transmission lines and transformers

question

Base load

answer

minimum amount of electricity for consumer needs

question

peak load

answer

maximum amount of electricity consumers demand -will occur on a hot day in Florida in the summer (using air conditioning)

question

smart grids

answer

-instantly communicate usage to power company -allow for adjustable pricing -electricity is more expensive during peak hours and less expensive during off hours -will provide energy savings

question

Lead-Acid batteries

answer

-you will find them in cars -all have anode and cathode -gives you the energy to get your car started

question

anode

answer

oxidation occurs; metal gives off electron

question

cathode

answer

reduction occurs; takes in electrons

question

alkaline batteries

answer

non rechargeable everyday batteries electrolyte is potassium hydroxide recyclable

question

nickel cadmium batteries

answer

you can recharge them by adding energy -you can plug in and recharge them

question

lithium ion batteries

answer

cellphones, electronics very light in electric cars because they are light and take up less space

question

battery power

answer

when you get more density you become lighter

question

heaviest battery

answer

lead acid

question

lightest and gives off most power battery

answer

li-ion

question

what do batteries have that hydrogen fuels cells dont

answer

all the fuels stored in the battery so that you dont have to carry around that energy

question

hydrogen fuel cells

answer

add to the reaction instead of carrying it all around -you are not giving of carbon dioxide

question

oil, coal and natural gas

answer

replaced biomass as our dominant sources of energy

question

global consumption is..

answer

at its highest level ever

question

fossil fuels have

answer

much higher density energy

question

what are the reasons for higher density energy

answer

larger population and huge spike in technology

question

what makes fossil fuels efficient to burn, ship and store

answer

high energy content of fossil fuels

question

electricity

answer

secondary form of energy that is easy to transfer and apply to a convert of uses

question

it takes energy to

answer

make energy

question

what requires substantial inputs of energy

answer

to harness, extract and process and deliver energy

question

net energy

answer

difference between energy returned and energy invested (energy returned-energy invested)

question

EROI meaning

answer

Energy returned on investment (energy returned/energy invested0

question

what does higher ration of EROI mean

answer

we receive more energy than we take in

question

EROI rises when

answer

technology improves

question

EROI declines when

answer

we extract the easier deposits first

question

hydro power has a high EROI because

answer

we dont need to put in a lot of effort to do it

question

things that are more renewable have

answer

lower EROIS

question

how and when were fossil fuels formed

answer

organisms that lived 100-500 million years ago

question

where do fossil fuel chemical energy come from

answer

originally from the sun and converted by photosynthesis

question

what are the 2 forms of decomposition

answer

aerobic and anerobic

question

aerobic decomposition

answer

occurs in the presence of air; organixc material is broken down in simpler molecules and recycled through the ecosystem and it doesnt produce coal, gas or oil

question

anaerobic decomposition

answer

occurs with little or no air; in deep lakes, swamps and seas; produces fossil fuels

question

what is coal

answer

hard blackish substance formed from organic matter compressed under very high pressure to form dense, solid carbon structure

question

what is the most abundant fossil fuel

answer

coal

question

coal varies from

answer

deposit to deposit in water and carbon

question

carbon is formed from

answer

plants hundred of millions of years ago

question

coal seams

answer

deposited in layers of sediment

question

peat

answer

organic material that is broken down anaerobically -wet, near surface, and not well compressed

question

types of coal

answer

lignite sub-bituminous bituminous anthracite

question

coal with most pressure

answer

anthracite

question

extraction and processing of coal

answer

removed from sediments by underground and surfacing mining (cleaned to remove dirt and other impurities)

question

what is coal transformed into

answer

electricity at coal-fired power plants

question

what is coal mining

answer

strip mining destroys large swaths of habitat and causes extensive ersion

question

Acid drainage

answer

process through which chemical runoff from strip mining enters waterways

question

what does mountain top removal do

answer

removes tons of rock and soil, destroying immense amounts of habitat and creeks

question

what do emissions do

answer

cause severe health problems

question

what is released into the environment

answer

burning coal high in mercury

question

what variety of pollutants does coal emit

answer

sulfur, mercury

question

Gasification

answer

coal is converted into cleaner synthesis gas by reaction with oxygen and stem

question

where do fossil fuels of each type occur

answer

isolated deposits

question

what methods are oil sands extracted

answer

collected sands are mixed with hot water to separate out the bitumen and deeper oil sands are extracted by drilling shafts into them and injecting steam

question

oil or gas must be

answer

processed after extraction

question

crude oil

answer

complex mix of hydrocarbons

question

lengths of the chain determines

answer

the molecule's properties and use

question

refining

answer

hydrocarbons are separated into different size classes and are chemically formed, created specialized fuels for many uses

question

hydraulic fracturing

answer

breaking rock formations to release oil or gas trapped in impermeable shale

question

what is hydraulic fracturing used for

answer

secondary extraction and to tap new deposits

question

what do drilling platforms withstand

answer

wind, waves and currents

question

where are people drilling now

answer

deeper and deeper waters

question

natural gas extraction and processing

answer

sent by pipeline to refinery converted to liquefied natural gas

question

uses for natural gas

answer

production of plastics, fertilizers, and synthetic fibers

question

what has fewer effects than coal or oil

answer

natural gas

question

burning fossil fuels takes what

answer

carbon from long-term storage underground and releases it into the air

question

what is the greatest greenhouse gas

answer

carbon dioxide

question

what has the greatest impact of fossil fuel use

answer

carbon dioxide

question

methane is a

answer

greenhouse gas

question

what does using alternative fossil fuels produce

answer

more carbon dioxide

question

what is the primary energy source that are continuously replenished

answer

renewable energy

question

examples of renewable energy

answer

falling water wind sunlight earths heat oceans tides and waves biomass

question

general challenges of renewable energy

answer

-renewable are diffuse and intermittent -technologies to harvest still being developed -infrastructures

question

benefits of renewable energy

answer

-far fewer environmental impacts -infinite energy source

question

what is hydropower supplied by

answer

hydrologic cycle

question

what is the most abundant renewable energy use

answer

hydropower

question

what is hydropower used for

answer

electricity generation

question

ex of hydropower

answer

dams run of rivers

question

advantages of hydropower

answer

Fuel and pollution free Relatively inexpensive Also provides flood control and water storage Continuous electricity

question

disadvantages of hydropower

answer

Loss of land Ecosystem disruption Initial cost

question

sources and supplies for wind power

answer

driven by sun kinetic energy from wind collected by wind turbines

question

advantages of wind power

answer

No fuel, no pollution Domestic CO2e free

question

Disadvantages of wind power

answer

Intermittent Aesthetics Impacts to wildlife

question

solar energy

answer

radiant energy of the sun

question

passive solar technology

answer

uses solar energy without mechanical devices natural lighting and heating

question

active solar

answer

uses mechanical devices rooftop solar panels concentrating solar power system

question

rooftop solar panels

answer

photovoltaic solar water heater

question

advantages of solar power

answer

widely available few environmental costs

question

Disadvantages of solar power

answer

intermittent regional distribution

question

biomass energy

answer

energy contained in wood and other plant matter

question

where is biomass energy derived from

answer

solar energy

question

biomass can be ....to produce ...

answer

burned energy

question

examples of biomass

answer

wood charcoal crop residue ethanol biodiesel

question

advantages of biomass

answer

Carbon neutral Emits less NO2 and SO2 than fossil fuels Evenly distributed

question

disadvantages of biomass

answer

impacts on food supply land clearing

question

geothermal energy

answer

uses heat energy from earth's interior

question

in what ways is geothermal energy harnessed

answer

Dry-steam power plants Flash-steam power plants Ground-source heat pumps

question

advantages of geothermal energy

answer

reliable and relatively inexpensive pollution free

question

disadvantages of geothermal energy

answer

Can be overused Start-up cost high Regional

question

ocean energy

answer

takes advantage of tides, waves, and temperature differences

question

tidal power

answer

driven by moon turbines turned as tides enter and leave nays

question

waves power

answer

uses kinetic energy of waves

question

advantages of ocean energy

answer

fuel free minimal emissions

question

disadvantages of ocean energy

answer

regional disruptive to ecosystems

question

used primarily in the united states for electricity generation

answer

coal

question

remains of ancient organisms, modified underground for long periods by temperature and pressure

answer

coal, oil and natural gas

question

the worlds most abundant fossil fuel

answer

coal

question

a mixture of hundreds or thousands of different hydrocarbon molecules

answer

oil

question

primary fuel used in the united states for space and water heating

answer

natural gas

question

created very slowly and considered nonrenewable at current extraction rates

answer

coal, oil, natural gas

question

used in the united states as a source of vehicle fuels

answer

oil

question

produces the least carbon dioxide per unit energy when combusted

answer

natural gas

question

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?

answer

carbon dioxide

question

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy

answer

solar

question

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant?

answer

generator

question

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity?

answer

it almost always increases

question

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel?

answer

black

question

You are a scientist working on a Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Who do you work for?

answer

federal government

question

What type of eggs were removed from at-risk beaches following the Deepwater Horizon spill?

answer

turtle

question

You are interested in harnessing the gas that was released as a byproduct of the Deepwater Horizon spill. What gas are you searching for?

answer

methane

question

best summarizes the impact of the Deepwater Horizon spill

answer

Some scientists believe there was great environmental impact from the Deepwater Horizon spill, others believe the impact was minimal.

question

What does the yellow line represent?

answer

The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.

question

Which line is not a computer-generated forecast?

answer

the black line representing 20th century data

question

The accuracy of computer forecasts of global climate change is measured by _____.

answer

backcasting to see if the models accurately describe the weather and climate in the past

question

Halting deforestation and planting trees in large areas that presently have no trees is part of the stabilization wedge addressing _____.

answer

biostorage

question

Biofuels and wind energy are examples of the stabilization wedge called _____.

answer

renewable energy

question

CAFE standards in the United States are part of the stabilization category of _____

answer

efficiency and conservation

question

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.

answer

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one from to another

question

chemcial energy is a form of ____ energy

answer

potential

question

in your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP

answer

cellular respiration

question

what are by-products of cellular prespiration

answer

heat carbon dioxide and water

question

cooling effect of sweating best represents ____.

answer

latent heat transfer

question

when plants use sunlight in photosynthesis. the plants are using the form of ___

answer

electromagnetic radiation

question

what converts mass to energy

answer

nuclear fission

question

When a windmill turns to generate electricity, the amount of kinetic energy input _____.

answer

is more than the amount of electrical energy produced

question

The oxygen-rich atmosphere of Earth is mainly the result of _____.

answer

photosynthetic organisms

question

The total amount of moisture in the air is highest when relative humidity is _____.

answer

high and temperatures are high

question

Every day tremendous amounts of the sun's energy strikes Earth. Why doesn't Earth overheat?

answer

the energy is ultimately radiated back to space

question

The most abundant greenhouse gas, which is not considered to be adding to global warming, is _____.

answer

water vapor

question

When monthly measurements of carbon dioxide levels are taken in a remote island in Hawaii, the levels cycle up and down, depending upon the season of the year. This is primarily due to changes _____.

answer

in the net productivity of the terrestrial ecosystems

question

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

answer

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees

question

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

answer

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

question

The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

answer

promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon

question

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

answer

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow

question

It has been estimated that black carbon is responsible for _____ of the planet's warming.

answer

18

question

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?

answer

pyramid

question

Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?

answer

inverted pyramid

question

Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?

answer

a rectangle tapering toward the top

question

these nations have the lowest rates of population growth today

answer

developed

question

nations in this group have populations with many more people in the pre-reproductive age class than in the post-reproductive class

answer

developing

question

these nations will experience the cast majority of population growth in the coming decades

answer

developing

question

a high proportion of the nations have total fertility rates below replacement level fertility

answer

developed

question

some nations are in the transitional stage of the demographic transition model

answer

developing

question

women in these nations have higher access to education, employment and contraception

answer

developed

question

these nations account for only about 20% of the global human population

answer

developed

question

In the second stage of the demographic transition, called the mortality transition, the death rate _____ while the birth rate _____.

answer

decreases, remains high or increases

question

About a century ago, the population in Latin America moved from an agricultural to an urban-industrial base. During this period birth rates _____, death rates _____, and the overall population _____.

answer

stayed about the same, decreased, and the population grew even faster

question

human well-being is lowest where population growth rates are _____.

answer

high and consumption rates are low

question

Death rates in poor countries are typically _____ than in wealthier countries. This difference between poor and wealthy countries is greatest in people who are the _____ members of the population.

answer

higher, youngest

question

Malthus found that populations in the American colonies were increasing _____ than populations on the European continent due to _____.

answer

faster, greater resources were available in the American colonies

question

Because human suffering _____ as the human population approaches its carrying capacity, sustainability of the global human population must be _____ the carrying capacity of the Earth

answer

increases, below

question

The IPAT formula is used to estimate the _____.

answer

ecological footprint of a society

question

If everyone in the world had the ecological footprint of people currently living in the United States and Canada, the world would _____

answer

exceed its biocapacity by five times over

question

Over the past 2 million years, Earth's climate has _____

answer

cycled between cold and warm periods

question

Global warming over the past 200 years is most closely associated with _____.

answer

the industrial revolution

question

The melting of icebergs in the Arctic Ocean will result in _____.

answer

more solar radiation absorbed in this region

question

the greatest source of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries is ____

answer

power stations

question

Matter is made of

answer

one or more elements

question

Elements

answer

chemical that cant be broken down or separated into other chemicals

question

Atoms

answer

physical and chemical properties of elements are attributed to the characteristics of their most basic units

question

Molecules

answer

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

question

what is the most important molecule in the ecosystem

answer

water

question

4 most common elements

answer

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

question

protons

answer

positively charged

question

neutrons

answer

neutral particles

question

elements atomic number

answer

atoms of a particular element always have the same unique number of protons

question

electrons

answer

negative charge

question

mass

answer

property responsible for gravitational attraction of all matter to all other matter

question

isotopes

answer

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

question

radioactive

answer

isotopes with nuclei that are unstable and that can break away

question

half-life

answer

length of time that it takes for half of the collection of atoms of a radioisotope to decay

question

Atoms combine with other atoms to form what?

answer

molecules

question

compounds

answer

molecules that are made up more than one element

question

two common compounds

answer

H2O and CO2

question

atoms in a molecule are held together by

answer

chemical bonds

question

strength of a chemical bond is measured by what

answer

the energy required to break it

question

covalent bonds

answer

strong bonds formed when atoms share electrons

question

how can strong bonds be formed

answer

when one atom transfers one of its electrons to another atom

question

atom donating the electrons have a .....

answer

net positive charge

question

atoms receiving the electrons have a .....

answer

net negative charge

question

Ions

answer

electrically charged atoms or molecules

question

Ionic bonds

answer

bonds between the ions

question

are compounds formed by ionic bonds molecules?

answer

no

question

Dipole bonds

answer

weaker bonds that form between atoms and molecules as a consequence of shifts in electrical charge

question

the strength of dipole bonds depends on what

answer

the extend of the polarity, or difference in charge between the molecules

question

where are dipole bonds important

answer

in biological functions

question

solubility

answer

ability of a chemical to dissolve in a particular liquid

question

non polar molecules are ...

answer

not very soluble in water

question

chemicals dissolved in water may...

answer

shift the amount of H+ ionic relative to OH- ions

question

pH scale

answer

quantitative representation of the relative amounts of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in a liquid

question

pure water pH is

answer

7

question

atoms are made up of

answer

protons, neutrons and electrons

question

number of protons

answer

how many atoms here are (positive)

question

# of electrons equals

answer

# of protons

question

organic molecules are the

answer

primary structural and function component of life

question

carbon atoms covalently bonded to

answer

hydrogen and other atoms

question

Inorganic molecules are

answer

not made of carbon and hydrogen

question

examples of inorganic molecules

answer

water and they wither have carbon or hydrogen

question

hydrocarbons

answer

simplest organic molecule

question

organic molecules types

answer

hydrocarbons and carbohydrates

question

hydrocarbons made of

answer

carbon and hydrogen

question

carbohydrates

answer

made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

question

examples of carbohydrates

answer

sugar and glucose

question

where does glucose come from

answer

photosynthesis

question

what do water and carbon dioxide xreate

answer

the mass

question

plants make

answer

carbohydrates to use for energy; make their own food

question

what does photosynthesis require

answer

energy to split the carbon bonds in the CO2 and the water bonds to H2O

question

when is energy given off during photosynthesis

answer

when carbon, carbon hydrogen, carbon oxygen, oxygen hydrogen and oxygen bonds are formed into glucose and oxygen

question

when plants or us break apart then

answer

energy is given off

question

macro molecules or polymers

answer

small organic molecules linked together in long chains

question

polysaccharides

answer

polymers of simple sugar

question

example of polysaccharides

answer

starch and cellulose

question

starch

answer

break it apart to get energy and become apart of us

question

cellulose

answer

attach in a different way and is really hard for plants and animals to break apart; this gives plants that structure to stand up

question

organic molecules example

answer

lipids (fat)

question

what are lipids

answer

long chains of carbon and hydrogen and a shorter region with one to several oxygen molecules

question

ex of lipids

answer

fats and oils

question

lipids are not...

answer

water soluble

question

what is lipids important for

answer

energy stroage

question

what are examples of macromolecules

answer

proteins

question

what are proteins

answer

polymers of amino acids

question

proteins are made of

answer

chains of 100 to 1000+ amino acids

question

proteins fold into

answer

particular shapes yielding functions

question

yielding functions of proteins

answer

structural, transportation of material, energy storage, and catalysts

question

catalysts

answer

enzymes

question

nucleic acids are

answer

polymers of nucleotides

question

Deoxyribonucleic acid

answer

sugar hereditary material in humans, plants, ect. traits coded in sequence of bases

question

ribonucleic acid

answer

use ribose as the sugar protein synthesis

question

organic molecules need

answer

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

question

dynamic homeostasis

answer

the process by which systems adjust to change so that minimize how much features or processes vary from their normal value

question

Negative feedback

answer

output from the system acts as an input to the system

question

ex of negative feedback

answer

if you get hot, you sweat

question

positive feedback ex

answer

as climate warms, sea ice absorbs the sunlight and ice melts

question

Exponential growth

answer

small populations most likely

question

the more complex an organism is the

answer

less the doubling period is

question

population growth rate

answer

rate at which a population changes

question

total population growth

answer

(birth rate + immigration)-(death rate +emigration)

question

Type I

answer

really high percentage chance of survival but closer you get to 100% then you start to die off

question

Type II

answer

you have the same percentage of dying no matter what age you are

question

Type III

answer

really high chance of dying when you are young and as you get older the more likely to survive

question

fertility rate

answer

potential number of offspring that an average female can produce if she survives to old age

question

population grow rate ______ as fertility rate ________

answer

increases increases

question

population growth is influenced by

answer

generational time

question

habitat

answer

where an organism lives

question

ecological niche

answer

various activities that define an organism's role in an ecosystem

question

water balance coefficient

answer

general index of the water available in a region

question

open watershed

answer

drained by rivers that make their way to the sea

question

closed watershed

answer

do not drain into the sea; drain into inland lakes

question

nonconsumptive

answer

water is mostly returned to surface water bodies and aquifers

question

Example of nonconsumptive

answer

hydroelectric power boating fishing

question

consumptive

answer

water is mostly removed from surface water bodies and aquifers

question

ex of consumptive

answer

irrigation and industrial cooling

question

crop irrigation has huge losses due to

answer

evaporation and runoff

question

Low-energy precision application

answer

decreases water usage by more than 60%

question

Drip irrigation

answer

irrigation efficiency can be greater than 95%

question

Desalination

answer

process of removing salts and other chemicals from seawater

question

Distillation

answer

boil water and recondense the steam

question

reverse osmosis

answer

filter water through selective membrane

question

Intermolecular forces

answer

weaker than bonds that hold molecules and compound together

question

what are intermolecular forces between

answer

molecules, atoms, ions and compounds

question

4 kinds of intermolecular forces

answer

dispersion forces dipole-dipole interactions ion-dipole interactions hydrogen bonds

question

Dispersion forces

answer

present in all molecules o Electron cloud distorts o Partial negative and positive charges attract each other o Larger and heavier molecules have stronger dispersion forces

question

Dipole-dipole interactions

answer

molecules with permanent dipoles are attracted to each other stronger than dispersion forces

question

the primary thing that increased agricultural productivity during the Green Revolution inculed with of the following

answer

fertalizer, crop breeding, pest control, and irrigation improvements

question

Ammonia is a common chemcial with the formula NH3 . What type of intermolecular foces are more important between molecules of this compound

answer

hydrogen bonding

question

Xenon is a noble gas. Even though it doesnt normally react with other substances, under the proper condition it will form Xe2+ ions. what describes the formation of this ion

answer

loss of 2 electrons from the larger area outside the nucleus

question

negative feedback processes tend to function within ecosystems to:

answer

stabilize the ecosystem

question

what is the most basic source of immediate energy for most organism

answer

glucose

question

when populations approach their carrying capacity, what happens to their resources

answer

they become more scarce as growth rate becomes zero

question

after eating, glucose levels in the blood tend to increase. This increase causes the pancreas to release insulin. which converts glucose into glycogen

answer

negative feedback

question

as ecosytem is defined as

answer

all the biota and their physical and chemical enviroment within a specific area

question

what are animals such as earthworms and millipeds, which feed on dead organic matter called

answer

decomposers

question

what is not a step in the nitrogen cycle

answer

plants release nitrogen into the air during cellular respiration

question

what are steps in the nitrogen cycle

answer

-nitrogen is fixed by bacteria into the soil, allowingn it to be taken up by plants -animals obtain nitrogen by consuming plants -bacteria in the soil convert ammonia back into nitrogen that is released into the atmosphere -animals and plants release nitrogen into the soil through waste materials and when they decompose

question

the total number of plant and animal species that a field biologist identifies along a mountain trail is an example of what

answer

species richness

question

Image following a single water molecule through the hydrologic cycle. Which of the follwoing is a possible path for the water molecule to take

answer

ocean to atmosphere to soil to plant

question

how is genetic variaition maintained in most population

answer

through inbreeding

question

where does most of the mass of plants come from

answer

carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil

question

principles of ecosystm functions

answer

-always open to gains and losses of matter and energy -matter and energy can neither be created nor destoryed -processes are self-regulated by interactions among their living and nonliving components -change is inevitable and essential

question

nuclear energy is

answer

energy contained in matter itself

question

in nuclear fission

answer

nucleus of an atom splits to form two or more smaller nuclei

question

in the process of nuclear fission...

answer

a small amount of the nucleus's mass is converted to electromagnetic and kinetic radiation

question

when does nuclear fission occur

answer

radioactive isotopes of particular elements decay

question

This decay is the process that

answer

heats up the Earths interior

question

Electrical power is generated by taking advantage of what

answer

the energy released by the decay of an isotope of the element URANIUM

question

Uranium mass number is

answer

235 U

question

How does the nuclear fission occur with URANIUM

answer

the uranium nucleus is split, high-energy neutrons are emitted, as well as other forms of energy. If these neutrons are sufficiently abundant, they can split the nuclei of there U atoms. The newly split atoms emit more neutrons, which then split into more nuclei.

question

compare the cost of nuclear power plant to cost of operating a power plant run by coal or natural gas

answer

Much lower -start up cost is very high

question

how is Uranium obtained

answer

open pit mines

question

reactor core

answer

the place where the fission takes place

question

what happens in the reactor core

answer

the fuel assemblies produce high energy neutrons, that set the nuclear fission chain reaction in motion

question

does the steam that is powered by the turbine come in direct contact with the radioactive fuel assemblies

answer

no

question

to extract the uranium you need...

answer

large quantities of rock has to be removed and processed

question

consequences of nuclear

answer

need large land can put acid in water

question

most important by-product of nuclear power plants

answer

excess heat

question

The controlled fission of uranium in the core of a nuclear reactor does what?

answer

heats water or sodium, which is then used to produce steam to drive turbines and generate electricity

question

Normal operation of nuclear power plants produce...

answer

high amounts of spent nuclear fuel that remains radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years

question

two kinds if high-level radioactive waste storage

answer

spent nuclear fuel fuel recycling

question

environment

answer

all the physical, chemical and biological factors and processes that determine the growth and survival of an organism or a community of organisms

question

ecology

answer

is the branch of environmental science that focuses on the abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to their environment

question

biota

answer

living organisms

question

abiotic

answer

nonliving environments

question

ex of abiotic

answer

climate

question

ecosystems are connected by the

answer

flow of energy and matter

question

ecosystem functions

answer

flow of matter and energy and the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms

question

ecosystem integrity

answer

to the web of interactions that regulate ecosystem functions

question

dynamic homeostasis

answer

process by which systems adjust to changes in ways that minimize how much features or processes vary from their normal values

question

regulation of temperature in your body is an example of

answer

negative feedback

question

negative feedback occurs when

answer

directional change in a process alters the system in a matter that reverses the direction of that change

question

positive feedback occurs when

answer

directional change in a process alters the ecosystem so as to reinforce that change

question

all ecosystems are open to

answer

inflows and outflows of matter and energy

question

ecosystem processes and functions are self-regulated by

answer

dynamic homeostasis

question

When did domestication of plants and animals occur

answer

pre-industrial age

question

preservationist

answer

parks and public land should preserve wild nature in its pristine state -humans can have access to wilderness parks for their inspiration and beauty but should be protected from consumptive uses

question

Conservationist

answer

public resources should be used and managed in a sustainable fashion to provide the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people -value nature for the goods and services it provided human beings

question

all matter is made of one or more

answer

elements

question

most basic sub-unit of an element

answer

atom

question

two or mole atoms may be held together by chemical bonds to form

answer

molecules

question

what is the most important molecule in ecosystem

answer

water

question

4 most common elements in ecosystem

answer

hydrogen oxygen carbon nitrogen

question

nucleus is surrounded by one or more negatively charged particles called

answer

electrons

question

what is the overall charge of an atom

answer

neutral

question

what is the property responsible for the gravitational attraction of all matter to all other matter

answer

mass

question

isotopes

answer

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

question

radioactive

answer

some isotopes have nuclei that are unstable and can break away -they spontaneously "decay", emitting various combinations of high-energy protons, electrons and neutrons and radiation

question

the length of time that it takes for half of a collection of atoms of a radioisotope to decay

answer

half-life

question

molecules that are made of more than one element

answer

compound

question

examples of compounds

answer

H2O CO2

question

atoms in a molecule are held together by

answer

chemical bonds

question

Covalent bonds

answer

strong bonds formed when atoms share electrons

question

examples of covalent bonds

answer

O2

question

Atoms that are held together by covalent bonds...

answer

the electrons and electrical charge are shared equally between the atoms so the bond is nonpolar

question

atom donating an electron has a

answer

positive charge

question

atom receiving an electron has a

answer

negative charge

question

electrically charged atoms or molecules are called

answer

ions

question

bonds between ions are

answer

ionic bonds

question

Dipole bonds

answer

are weaker bonds that form between atoms and molecules as a consequence of shifts in electrical charge

question

strength of dipole bonds depends on the

answer

extent of the polarity, or difference in charge between the molecules

question

because water molecules are polar, they form what

answer

dipole bonds with other water molecules

question

hydrogen bonds

answer

dipole bonds that involve hydrogen atoms -responsible for the cohesive nature of liquid water

question

as liquid water heats up, the hydrogen bonds

answer

weaken

question

without hydrogen bonds

answer

water would boil at temperatures well below its actual freezing point

question

as liquid water becomes colder...

answer

more hydrogen bonds form, pulling water molecules closer together

question

Water become ______ as it cools

answer

denser

question

what makes water an excellent solvent

answer

the polarity of it

question

solubility

answer

ability of a chemical to dissolve in a particular liquid

question

when the concentration of H+ increases, it is

answer

acidic

question

when the concentration of OH- increases, it is

answer

basic

question

organic molecules

answer

primary structural and functional elements of organisms - made of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen and other atoms

question

inorganic molecules

answer

compounds that are not made up of carbon and hydrogen

question

organic molecules composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms

answer

hydrocarbons

question

carbohydrates

answer

organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

question

sugar

answer

carbohydrates

question

basic source of energy in most organisms and an ingredient in the synthesis of numerous other organic molecules

answer

glucose

question

lipids

answer

fats and oiks organic molecules made of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and a shorter region with one to several oxygen molecules

question

important forms of energy storage

answer

fats and oils

question

the shorter region of a lipid is

answer

polar

question

why are lipids not soluble in water

answer

because of their nonpolar region

question

macromolecules

answer

small organic molecules may be linked to one another to form these

question

poylmers

answer

simple organic molecules may be linked together to form much larger chains or networks

question

essential to the structure and function of organisms

answer

polymers

question

polymers of simple sugar molecules

answer

polysaccharides

question

examples of polysaccharides

answer

starch and cellulose

question

starch and cellulose are

answer

polysaccharides composed of hundreds of glucose molecules

question

plants use this to store extra sugar

answer

starch

question

cellulose is the

answer

primary structural constituent in plant tissues one of Earth's abundant organic molecule

question

difference between starch and cellulose

answer

nature of the bond between adjacent glucose molecules

question

proteins

answer

polymers made of nitrogen-containing organic molecules called amino acids

question

catalysts

answer

substances that promote chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

question

proteins that serve as catalysts are called

answer

enzymes

question

nucleic acid

answer

polymers of chemical subunits called nucleotides

question

capacity to do work

answer

energy

question

the two forms of energy

answer

kinetic and potential

question

First law of thermodynamics

answer

the total amount of energy in the universe is constant

question

Second law of thermodynamics

answer

every energy transformed increases disorder

question

entropy

answer

disorder or disorganization in a system

question

heat

answer

least usable form of energy in the random motion of molecules

question

energy of light

answer

electromagnetic radiation

question

electromagnetic radiation is transported as

answer

particles

question

the amount of energy carried by the different forms of electric magnetic radiation are determined by

answer

wavelengths

question

full range of wavelengths

answer

electromagnetic spectrum

question

which wavelengths are shorter than visible light

answer

gamma rays, x rays

question

which wavelengths are longer than visible light

answer

infrared radiation, microwaves, radiowaves

question

measure of the average kinetic energy of a collection of molecules

answer

temperature

question

heat can move in 4 ways

answer

conduction, convection, radiation, latent heat transfer

question

conduction is the

answer

direct transfer of heat by means of the collisions of molecules

question

example of conduction

answer

when you touch a hot pot, heat moves from molecules on the pot to the molecules on your fingertips

question

Convection occurs because

answer

warm regions in a gas or liquid become less dense and rise, causing the gas or liquid to circulate

question

radiation

answer

release of electromagnetic energy -all matter is constantly losing heat by this

question

Latent heat transfer occurs as the

answer

molecules with the highest kinetic energy evaporate, leaving behind molecules with lower kinetic energy and temperature

question

potential energy associated with the formation or breakage of bonds between atoms is called

answer

chemical energy

question

energy contained in the structure of matter itself is called

answer

nuclear energy

question

according to E=mc2, every tiny amount of mass contains

answer

enormous amounts of energy

question

nuclear fission

answer

occurs when the nucleus of an atom is split, producing two or more smaller nuclei and a great deal of electromagnetic and kinetic energy

question

nuclear fusion

answer

occurs when atoms collide with so much energy that their nuclei fuse, forming an atom of a new element

question

energy unit for electricity

answer

watt-hour

question

what to plants produce as a by-product

answer

O2 oxygen

question

the force caused by the pull of gravity on a column of are is

answer

atmospheric pressure

question

Lowest layer; troposphere

answer

weather air we breathe

question

what happens in the air in the troposphere

answer

air at low altitudes is warmed by heat radiating from Earth's surface. As the air near the ground becomes warmer, it expands, which causes it to rise. As it rises, it cools, and eventually sinks back to the surface

question

Ozone is effective in

answer

absorbing and scattering the abundant UV light that strikes Earth's upper atmosphere

question

vapor pressure

answer

relative contribution to total atmospheric pressure

question

At any particular temperature..

answer

the air can only hold so much water

question

Saturation vapor pressure

answer

the amount of water air can hold at a given time

question

saturation vapor pressure ________ as the temperature ______

answer

increases increases

question

relative humidity

answer

measure of the extent to which air is saturated, expressed as a percentage

question

relative humidity of a mass of air ____ and ____ with temperature

answer

rises falls

question

clouds account for how much of the light that is reflected back

answer

2/3

question

atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall that exist over large regions and long periods

answer

climate

question

short-term variations in local atmospheric conditions

answer

weather

question

On a hot sunny summer day, humid air becomes warmer and then

answer

air expands it is less dense, it rises. As the air rises in altitude, it begins to cool. When the air mass cools to its dew point, water condenses, forming a cloud and perhaps a rain shower

question

where air is descending...

answer

atmospheric pressure rises (usually indicating dry conditions)

question

because the earth's surface is curved,

answer

the amount of sunlight reaching its surface varies with latitude

question

uneven distribution of solar radiation results in

answer

significant differences in air temperature and pressure around the globe and causes wind cells

question

because the equator experiences the most heating, the air

answer

is warm, humid air rises, it cools, and water condenses, forming rain

question

Hadley cells

answer

the air from the equator then diverges northward or southward forming tow convection currents

question

what do wind cells influence

answer

seasons

question

seasons occur because

answer

earth is tilted

question

annual variation in temperature and rainfall at a location is influenced by the

answer

seasonal movements of wind cells above it and its position on a continent

question

birth rate

answer

number of births in the population per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population

question

death rate

answer

number of individuals dying per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the population

question

death rate is also known as the

answer

mortality rate

question

how to find the population growth rate

answer

(birth rate+immigration rate)-(death rate+emigration rate)

question

type I survivorship

answer

most likely to die of old age

question

examples of type I

answer

large animals and predators that have few enemies (humans )

question

type II survivorship

answer

probability of dying is the same at every age

question

examples of type II

answer

birds

question

type III survivorship

answer

very young have the greatest probability of dying because they are most easily taken by predators or are most vulnerable to disease

question

examples of type III

answer

fish

question

which survivorship is the most common one found in nature

answer

type III

question

rate of reproduction is known as

answer

fertility rate

question

what happens at the carrying capacity

answer

the birth rate equals the death rate, and the population growth rate stalls at zero

question

what happens when a population exceeds their carrying capacity

answer

their use of resources exceeds the rate at which resources are supplied and the resources become scarce

question

what 2 factors do the consequences of scarce resources depend on

answer

the speed with which the population growth rate responds to the diminished supply and the rate at which the depleted resources are able to recover relative to the continued demands of the population

question

when the population declines what happends

answer

the demand for resources eases and the supply or resources increases

question

what in an important factor that influences the growth rate, birth rate and death rate

answer

temperature

question

complex environment in which an organism is found and upon which is depends for survival

answer

habitat

question

organisms habitat includes

answer

nonliving, environmental elements (temperature, humidity, soil) and living conditions like insects

question

size of an organisms habitat depends on the

answer

size of the organism and its ecological needs

question

complex, encompassing every interaction between and organism and its ecosystem

answer

ecological niche

question

ecological niche includes

answer

what the organisms eats, what eats the organism, and the effects of the organisms activities on the flow of energy and matter through the ecosystem

question

natural selection

answer

individuals in a population that are most fir to survive and leave more offsprings

question

what did the finches use different beaks for

answer

feeding on small insects, or eggs

question

what are examples of breeding barriers

answer

closely related species that are isolated from one another (ex. geographic, temporal, behavioral)

question

natural selection has resulted in

answer

a variety of mechanisms that prevent interbreeding

question

when did the pre-agricultural period grow

answer

as humans expanded into new territories and developed new tools

question

birth and death rates are highly correlated with the

answer

level of economic development

question

a human population is _______ long before it nears its ___________

answer

unsustainable carrying capacity

question

when you are at your carrying capacity, there is what

answer

competition for resources

question

increase in what when there you are toward the carrying capacity

answer

stress

question

an estimate of the area of land needed to supply human demands for resources

answer

ecological footprint

question

as a country becomes more affluent...

answer

its ecological footprint is increasingly defined by its use of fossil fuels and nuclear and hydrologic power

question

biocapacity

answer

a measure of the area and quality of land available to supply a population with resources

question

human impact is determined by

answer

population, size, affluence, and technology

question

a change in one factor in the IPAT equation causes

answer

another factor to change

question

Chinas approach to population growth

answer

One-Child Policy

question

India's approach to population growth

answer

family planning should be voluntary and decisions would be made in each individual state educated women

question

Mexico's approach to population growth

answer

used communication, education, counseling and contraceptives to encourage people to not have sex

question

energy flow

answer

transfer and transformation of high-energy organic molecules

question

primary producer

answer

-first level -transform energy from sunlight or certain inorganic chemicals into high-energy carbohydrates

question

primary consumers

answer

animals that need on primary producers

question

secondary consumers

answer

feed directly on the herbivores

question

tertiary consumers

answer

organisms that feed on secondary consumers

question

decomposers

answer

organisms that feed on nonliving organic matter

question

food that can be consumed by higher trophic levels

answer

biomass energy

question

most of the energy that is consumed by any organisms is

answer

burned in respiration or lost as waste

question

the amount of energy available to each trophic level is

answer

less than the energy available to the trophic level beneath it

question

organisms that feed at higher trophic levels must

answer

expend more energy per unit of biomass to obtain their food

question

the stability of a community food web is directly related to the

answer

diversity of its species and the complexity of their connections

question

hydrologic cycle

answer

the distribution and flux of water through Earth's biogeochemical system

question

what drives the hydrologic cycle

answer

solar energy and gravity

question

three phases of water in the hydrologic cycle

answer

solid ice, liquid water, gaseous water vapor

question

three general fates of liquid water when it is on the ground

answer

-it may evaporate; back to the atmosphere -flow across Earth;s surface into streams and lakes and eventually the ocean -percolate through the soil and become groundwater

question

transpiration

answer

water evaporating from leaves

question

runoff

answer

rainwater that falls on land that may flow across the surface -eventually enters lakes and streams

question

what does the movement of water influence

answer

Earth's biogeochemical cycles

question

Human impacts on the hydrologic cycle

answer

-diverted large qualities of water from rivers and streams for agricultural, industrial and residential use

question

what are the key steps in the carbon cycle

answer

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

question

how do organisms access carbon

answer

cellular respiration

question

where is most of the carbon stored in living biomass found

answer

terrestrial ecosystems

question

what has a profound effect on Earth's carbon cycle

answer

fossil fuels

question

when did burning fossil fuels increase exponentially

answer

Industrial revolution

question

what is the most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere

answer

nitrogen

question

what are the 3 reasons for the difference in abundance in nitrogen

answer

1. it is not stable part of the crystal structure of any of the minerals in rocks 2. most molecular forms of nitrogen are volatile and tend to migrate to the atmosphere 3. does not react with other gases in the atmosphere and is very stable in the presence of solar radiation

question

how does nitrogen enter the bisphere

answer

through nitrogen fixation

question

Today's world

answer

assume that anthropogenic greenhouse emissions cease immediately and that CO2 in the atmosphere will stay at current levels

question

Business as Usual

answer

assume that individuals and governments will take no actions to reduce emissions and the annual CO2 emissions will continue to increase

question

Sustainable World

answer

assume that people and their governments will take significant actions to slow the increase in CO2 emissions

question

biofuels

answer

are derived directly from plant materials, such as corn or wood

question

biodiversity

answer

variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organizations

question

The number of species, their relative abundance, and their arrangement in space are measures of

answer

community biodiversity

question

species richness

answer

the total number of species in each sample

question

species everness

answer

relative abundance of the different species in a community

question

structural complexity

answer

the three-dimensional distribution of species and biological features

question

Inbreeding ____ genetic diversity and _____ the chance of genetic diseases

answer

increases increases

question

general index of the availability of water in a particular region

answer

water balance coefficient

question

watershed

answer

area of land from which rainfall drains into a river or lake

question

open watersheds

answer

drained by rivers that eventually make their way to the sea

question

closed watersheds

answer

inland basins that do not drain to the sea

question

nonconsumptive uses

answer

activities that use water and then return it in streams or aquiers

question

examples on nonconsumptive uses

answer

generation of hydroelectric power and the disposal of wastewater in spetic systems

question

consumptive uses

answer

much of the water is not returned to streams or aquifiers

question

what holds significant portions of Earth's fresh water

answer

saturated sediments and rocks

question

recharge zone

answer

area where water flows directly between the soil surface and the water table

question

discharge zones

answer

groundwater flows to the surface

question

strategies for reducing the use of water

answer

improved technologies for irrigating crops, recycling of municipal and industrial water, and more efficient use of residential water

question

when is the rate of evaporation greatest

answer

in regions where irrigation is mostly used

question

desalination

answer

process of removing salts and other chemicals from sea water

question

to main methods of desalination

answer

distillation and reverse osmosis

question

boiling water and condensing the steam

answer

distillation

question

filtering water through a selective membrance

answer

reverse osmosis

question

agriculture

answer

system of land management used to grow domesticated plants and animals for food, fiber or energy

question

what played important roles in the origins of agriculture

answer

climate change, cultural process, and population growth

question

during the agricultural period what was happening to the climate and seasons

answer

climate were getting warmer and dry seasons were growing longer

question

humans and their domesticated plants and animals have

answer

coevolved

question

what did technological and cultural innovations do to the agricultural production

answer

increased and reduced the need for humans labor

question

green Revolution

answer

period during which global agricultural productivity has increased many times over

question

what was the Green Revolution result of

answer

development of modern fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides.

question

secondary energy source that is derived from primary energy sources

answer

electricity

question

as a battery is used, the strength of its electrical potential

answer

diminishes

question

how was coal formed

answer

formed from plants that lived in swamps hundreds of millions of years ago

question

chemical energy in coal is transformed into

answer

electricity in coal-fired power pleants

question

burning coal is a significant contributor to

answer

global warming

question

what 3 geological conditions must be met in order for an oil reservoir to form

answer

1. shallow sea with large quantities of aquatic organisms that died and sank to the bottom and covered in sediments 2. oils had to migrate upward into a porous rock reservoir 3. reservoir rock must have been covered by a layer of imperable rock that prevented oil from seeping to the surface

question

how is oil extracted

answer

crude oil is pumped from underground reservoirs and sent to oil refiners to be converted into gasoline and other petroleum products

question

natural gas extraction

answer

pumped from underground reservoirs, purified and sent to consumers by pipeline

question

renewable energy sources are abundant on the global scale but

answer

their availability in particular locations are limited

question

renewable primary energy resources are based on

answer

energy flows that are continuously replenished

question

Primary challenge of using many renewable energy resources is that they are

answer

diffuse and intermittent

question

in order to make use of most renewable energy resources, we must

answer

capture and convert their diffuse energy flows into more concentrated forms

question

no single renewable energy resource can significantly

answer

reduce our dependence on nonrenewable resources

question

four general categories of challenges to the widespread use of renewable energy

answer

-unfamiliar technologies -economies of scale -externalized costs -limited consumer knowledge and understanding

question

hydropower

answer

energy of water moving under the force of gravity

question

hydroelectric power

answer

electricity generated by suing the kinetic energy of moving water to turn a turbine

question

hydropower is renewable because

answer

the liquid water in lakes and streams is constantly being replenished in the hydrologic cycle

question

passive solar power

answer

using energy of sunlight without relying on electrical or mechanical devices

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