U.S. History Unit 3 Flashcards
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Andrew Carnegie
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a scottish immigrant who made a fortune off of his steel company 1873. it built the largest and most modern steel mill of its time near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He donated most of his profits
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John Rockefeller
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owner of Standard oil which dominated 90% of the nation's oil
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Henry Bessemer
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he patented a new method of making steel in 1855
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bessemer process
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a quicker and cheaper method of making steel which involved blowing air through molten iron
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Thomas Alva Edison
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inventor of the light bulb
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Alexander Graham Bell
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inventor of the telephone
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William Jennings Bryan
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leader of the populists but was too scared to go to D.C.gave \"cross of gold\" speech.
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Mary Harris Jones
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a labor activist, helped workers form unions,
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Frederick Taylor
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inventor of the assembly line
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capitalism
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an economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than being controlled by government
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factors of production
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land, labor, and capital
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capital
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any asset that can be used to produce an income {money, buildings, tools, machinery}
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corporation
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a company that is recognized by law as existing independently from its owners. it can own property, borrow money, sue or be sued.
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stock
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people invest in corporations by buying __________
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owners
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by buying stock, investors become _________ of the corporation
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monopoly
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a company that completely dominates a particular industry.
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trusts
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a set of companies that are managed by a small group
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trustees
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the small group of people that manage a set of companies
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horizontal integration
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joining together as many firms from the same industry as possible. Ex: Standard Oil
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vertical integration
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taking control of each step in the production and distribution of a product, from acquiring raw materials to manufacturing, packaging, and shipping. Ex: Carnegie steel company
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laissez-faire
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the market would regulate itself if government did not interfere. \"leave business alone\"
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social Darwinism
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the best-run businesses led by the most capable people would survive and prosper. \"survival of the fittest\"
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Dawes Act
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an 1887 federal law distributing land to individual Indians rather than to tribes. thereby encouraging Indians to become assimilated
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exodusters
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African Americans who migrated from the South to the Great Plains following the Civil War
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populist party
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a political party founded in 1892 calling for policies to help working people, such as government ownership of railroads and coinage of silver. made up of mostly farmers
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industrialization
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the transformation from producing goods by hand to producing goods by machine
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homestead act
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an 1862 federal law that granted tracts of land called homesteads to western settlers who agreed to work the land and live on it for 5 years
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homestead strike
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an 1892 Carnegie steel plant workers' strike that was broken by the state militia and resulted in the union being shut out of the plant for 4 decades
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transcontinental railroad
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a railroad that spans the continent [Pacific ocean to the Atlantic ocean]
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sweatshop
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a small factory where employees work long hours under poor conditions for low wages
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Triangle Shirtwaist fire
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a drastic fire on March 25, 1911, a factory caught fire killing 146 workers
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interstate commerce act
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trade between states. regulate laws against railroads.
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political machines
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an organization consisting of full-time politicians whose main goal was to retain political power and the money and influence that went with it
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Pendleton Act
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an 1883 federal law that limited patronage by creating a civil service commission to administer exams for certain nonmilitary government jobs
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urbanization
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the growth of cities
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Haymarket Affair
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a violent clash in 1886 between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement
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Pullman strike
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an 1894 railway workers' strike that was broken by federal troops, weakened the labor movement
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The Gilded Age
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while industrialists amassed great fortunes, society was tainted by political corruption and huge gap between rich and poor. Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt used some of their wealth to promote the common good. Historians debate their overall impact, noting increased industrial productivity but also unfair business practices.
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push factors
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a problem that causes people to immigrate to another place
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pull factors
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an attraction that draws immigrants to another place some examples are natural resources, jobs, freedom, money (gold), letters from people who already live there.
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Ellis Island
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the port of entry for most European immigrants arriving in New York between 1892 and 1954
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Angel Island
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the port of entry for most Asian immigrants arriving in San Francisco between 1910 and 1940 *scarier*
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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an 1882 law prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years and preventing Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens; the first US immigration restriction based solely on nationality or race
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Americanization
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the assimilation of immigrants into American society, a goal of some patriotic groups who feared that increased immigration threatened American society and values
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settlement house
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a community center that provided a variety of services to the poor, especially to immigrants
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Tammany Hall
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a political machine in New York City led by Boss Tweed
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tenement
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a run-down apartment building
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Social Gospel
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a religious movement of the late 1800s based on the idea that social reform and Christianity go hand in hand
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Boss Tweed
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controlled NYC. leader of a political machine.
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violence
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a similarity between the pullman strike, haymarket affair and homestead act was ___________
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social reformers
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they founded settlement houses to help the poor and the new immigrants
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federal government
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the interstate commerce act was regulated by the ___________
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competition
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what did industrial consolidation and trusts reduce during the 1800's?
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government regulation
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what did social Darwinism discourage?
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Chisholm trail
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cowboys drove their cattle north along this trail
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ship
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cowboys drove their cattle north in order to _______ them to market to eastern cities
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Eugene Debs
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he headed the American Railway union. led the fight during pullman strike
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labor laws
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these resulted from the investigation of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
