Flashcards About U.S. HISTORY Chapter 21
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The founder of the Grange
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Oliver H. Kelley
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The employee of the Department of Agriculture who founded a national association of farmers called the Patrons of Husbandry, better known as the GRANGE
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Oliver H. Kelley
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A business operated for the benefit of its members Its purpose is to save its members money, not to make a profit, but any profits accrued are shared by its members
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Cooperatives or co-ops
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The process in which the supply of money is increased, the value of the dollar declines, and prices go up
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Inflation
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Paper money not backed by gold or any other valuable metal but by the government's credit
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Greenbacks
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The party which advocated that the federal government increase the number of greenbacks in circulation
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Greenback Labor party
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Th acts passed by Congress in response to the free silver movement Both of these acts provided for the government to purchase and coin at least a limited amount of silver each month
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Bland-Allison Act Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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The movement in which farmers and silver miners called for the free coinage of silver
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the Free Silver Movement
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Politically active regional groups organized by farmers in the 1800s
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Farmer's Alliances
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What is the People's Party more commonly known as?
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the Populist party
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The party whose platform included : • A call for the coinage of silver • an increase in the amount of paper money in circulation • a graduate income tax • an increase in the amount of paper money in circulation • a graduate income tax (under which those with higher incomes would pay a higher percentage of tax) • government ownership and control of transportation and communication facilities • direct election of senators by the voters • the adoption of initiative, referendum, and the secret ballot • immigration restrictions • fewer working hours for laborers
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Populist party
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The Populist presidential candidate in the election of 1892 He won a considerable number of popular and electoral votes but did not win the election
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James B. Weaver
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The two men who caused the stock market crash of September 24, 1869 (BLACK FRIDAY) Their scheme was to buy up most of the gold in the country and then to make huge profits by forcing up the price of gold
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Jay Gould Jim Fisk
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The stock market crash on September 24, 1869 Caused by Jay Gould and Jim Fisk
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"Black Friday"
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The Democratic candidate for the election of 1876 He was the governor of New York He had acquired a reputation by his unquestioned integrity and by smashing the notorious Tweed Ring Who did he run against?
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Samuel J. Tilden He ran against Rutherford B. Hayes
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The Republican candidate for the election of 1876 Ran against Tilden Wanted to eliminate forever "the distinction between North and South in our common country"
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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The year for the end of the Reconstruction
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1877
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Who is best remembered for his attempts to reform the civil service program?
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President Hayes
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What is President Hayes best remembered for?
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for his attempts to reform the civil service program?
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Cabinet member who encouraged President Hayes A German immigrant who was a strong advocate of civil service reform
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Carl Schurz
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What was Mrs. Hayes known as?
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"Lemonade Lucy"
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Why was Mrs. Hayes known as "Lemonade Lucy"?
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Because she refused to allow alcoholic drinks in the White House
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Name the two groups the Republican Party was divided into during the election of 1880
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"Stalwarts" "Half-Breeds"
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What did the "Stalwarts" oppose?
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They opposed Legislation to alter the civil service
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The difference between the "Half-Breeds" and the "Stalwarts"
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The "Stalwarts" opposed Legislation to alter the civil service The "Half-Breeds" were more congenial to it
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The Republican presidential candidate for the 1880 elections
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James A. Garfield
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The Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency for the 1880 elections
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Chester A. Arthur
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Who was the last President to be born in a log cabin?
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James A. Garfield
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The best-remembered achievement of the Arthur Administration
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The PENDLETON ACT (The basis for the modern civil service act)
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The basis for the modern civil service act
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The Pendleton Act
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The best-remembered achievement of the Arthur Administration It "classified" certain federal jobs ; it designated them as jobs to be awarded on the basis of merit It also prohibited the removal of government employees from classifies positions for political reasons and gave the President broad power to expand the list of classified jobs as he saw fit
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The Pendleton Act
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What was established by the Pendleton Act to administer examinations to applicants in the different states and to fill the positions on the basis of proven qualifications ?
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The Civil Service Commission
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The system of awarding government jobs It began in the customs service and the postal system
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The merit system
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A group of independent-minded Republicans who refused to accept the party nominee during the election of 1884
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Mugwumps
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The nominee for the Democratic Party during the election of 1884
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Grover Cleveland
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The presidential candidate for the Democratic Party in 1884 He had gained a reputation for his governmental reforms and his stand against corrupt politicians He was especially admired for standing up to the Democratic Tammany Hall political machine in New York Told his campaign workers to "Tell the truth" THE FIRST DEMOCRAT TO WIN THE PRESIDENCY AFTER THE CIVIL WAR Brought reform in veterans' affairs The only President to marry in the White House
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Grover Cleveland
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Who was the first Democrat to win the Presidency after the Civil War?
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Grover Cleveland
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The only President to marry in the White House
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Grover Cleveland
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The act which marked the beginning of federal regulation of transportation facilities
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the Interstate Commerce Act
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The act passed by Congress in 1886 which provided that if both a President and Vice President should die in office or resign, the members of the cabinet should succeed to the Presidency in the order in which Congress had created their offices
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the Presidential Succession Act
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The act adopted in 1887 to prevent another disputed election like that of 1876 This act provided that if a state sent in more than one set of electoral votes, and the two houses of Congress could not agree on which set to approve, Congress would accept the returns approved by the executive officer of the state in question
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The Electoral Count Act
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One important issue during the latter part of the 19th century
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The tariff question
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What did the industrialists claim the high tariff rates would do?
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1. ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW INDUSTRIES (within the country by limiting foreign competition) 2. HELP THE UNITED STATES BECOME A SELF-SUFFICIENT NATION (by encouraging domestic manufacture) 3. ENCOURAGE HIGH WAGES FOR AMERICAN FACTORY WORKERS (if domestic industrialists did not have to lower prices to meet foreign competition, they could afford to pay higher wages)
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The Republican candidate for Presidency during the election of 1888
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General Benjamin Harrison
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One of the most prominent congressional leaders during the Harrison administration Congressman from Maine He was Speaker of the House during the Harrison administration Nicknamed "CZAR REED" for his aggressive leadership
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Thomas B. Reed
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What was congressman Thomas B. Reed nicknamed?
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"Czar Reed"
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The new protective tariffs introduced by Congressman William McKinley of Ohio It gave a higher degree of protection to American industry than any tariff passed before A unique feature of this tariff, which set an important precedent for later trade policies was its reciprocity clause
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the McKinley Tariff
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A unique feature of the McKinley Tariff, which set an important precedent for later trade policies This clause offered a reciprocal trade agreement to foreign nations and allowed certain raw materials to be shipped to the United States duty free, but it granted the Presidential authority to impose duties on these products whenever the countries exporting them to the United States placed high duties on American products being imported to them "We will treat you as you treat us."
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Reciprocity clause
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The act adopted during the Harrison administration which provided for the government to purchase and coin at least a limited amount of silver each month
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the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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The act adopted during the Harrison administration which broke up monopolies
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the Sherman Antitrust Act
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The only President to serve two terms not in direct succession to one another
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President Grover Cleveland
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The stock market panic which took place before President Cleveland's second inauguration It led to a serious depression which lasted throughout his term of office
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The Panic of 1893
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The 500 unemployed men who was led by Jacob Coxey of Ohio They marched on the Capitol The Cleveland Administration tactfully dispersed the protestors without serious incident by having Coxey arrested for trespassing on the Capitol lawn
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"Coxey's Army"
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The candidate for the Democrats in the election of 1896 He had already established a reputation as a dynamic speaker and a fearless defender of causes he believed just He made a famous speech entitled "Cross of Gold" He was one of the greatest orators of all time
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William Jennings Bryan
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The candidate for the Republicans during the election of 1896 He had a "front-porch campaign"
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William McKinley
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The act adopted by Congress in 1900 which made gold the sole standard or monetary value
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The Gold Standard Act
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Which president was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist shortly after the inauguration for his second term in office?
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William McKinley
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The campaign in which William McKinley spoke from his front porch
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The "front-porch campaign"
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National association of farmers called the Patrons or Husbandry Founded by Oliver H. Kelley What is better known as?
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the Grange
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The act adopted by Congress which made gold the sole standard of monetary value
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Gold Standard Act
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Democratic political machine in New York City Grover Cleveland stood against it and other corrupt politicians
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Tammany Hall
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The year for the McKinley Tariff
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1890
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President who won the election of 1880 Republican Civil War general Strong Christian convictions Held debates with atheists 4 month administration Killed by assassin's bullet
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President James A. Garfield
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President Garfield's Vice President Became President when Garfield was assassinated in 1881 Modernized the navy Pendleton Act Civil Service Commission Republican
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President Chester A. Arthur
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President from 1885-1889 and 1893-1897 Democrat Interstate Commerce Act Presidential Succession Act Electoral Count Act Tariff Married at the White House Only President to serve two terms not in direct succession 2nd administration: Panic of 1893 Coxey's Army
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President Grover Cleveland
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President from 1889-1893 Republican Reeds Rules McKinley Tariff
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President Benjamin Harrison
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What happened during President Cleveland's second administration (1893-1897) ?
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Panic of 1893 Coxey's Army
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President from 1897-1901 Front porch campaign Gold Standard Act Spanish-American War Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba Hawaii Assassinated by an anarchist's bullet
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President William McKinley
