Flashcards and Answers – U.S. History chapter 21
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Brown v. Board of education
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The decision in this case overturned the \"separate but equal\" doctrine and said that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.
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Montgomery bus boycott
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1955 protest action to end segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama
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integration
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mixing racial groups
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Jackie Robinson
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The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
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Thurgood Marshall
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Black attorney who successfully argued the case of Brown V. Board of Eduction in front of the Supreme Court
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Rosa Parks
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Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
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Jo Ann Robinson
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head of the Women's Political Council; called for the Montgomery Bus Boycott the day Rosa Parks appeared in court
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Orval Faubus
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Governor of Arkansas who sent the National Guard to prevent this desegregation
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termination
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the end of something reservation for Native Americans
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interracial
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both African Americans and whites are involved
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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
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an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means
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nonviolent protest
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Civil rights protests that tried not to involve any violence.
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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Black civil rights organization that drew heavily on younger activists and college students
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sit-in
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the act of protesting by sitting down
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FREEDOM RIDE
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bus trips taken by civil rights advocates in the 1960s CORE sponsored it. designed to test enforcement of federal regulations that prohibited segregation.
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Anniston, Alabama
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armed white mobs, where a white mob torched a Freedom Ride bus
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James Meredith
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First African American student at university of Mississippi
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Birmingham,Alabama
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most segregated city in America
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letters from Birmingham Jail
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Martin Luther Kings Letters from jail.
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March on Washington
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The march was a huge civil rights protest. It was here when King made his \"I have a dream\" speech. The march also pressured the government to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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I have a dream speech
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Martin Luther King Jr
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Filibuster
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senators prevent a vote by taking the floor and refuse to stop talking.
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Cloture
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a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate
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Civil Right Act of 1964
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Passed by Congress in 1964 in honor of the late President Kennedy. This act banned racial discrimination in places such as hospitals and restaurants. This act also gave the government the power to desegregate schools. It led to the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
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The voting right of 1965
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Legislation that abolished literacy tests as a requirement to register to vote.
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24th amendment
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outlawed the poll tax
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Southern Democratic Senators
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Kennedy didn't want to anger, move slowly civil rights movement
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Freedom Democratic Party
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SNCC Sent people people to national Democratic Convention
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Selma March
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King organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. A sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators.
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Nation of Islam
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A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans
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Black Nationalism
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a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community
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Black power
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the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.
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de jure segregation
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segregation that is imposed by law
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De Facto segregation
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the separation caused by social conditions such as poverty
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Malcolm X
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Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.
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1968
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Martin Luther King, Robert F Kennedy was assassinated
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Barbara Jordan
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first African American elected to Texas state senate
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Oliver Hill
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Lawyer and civil rights leader who helped in Brown V. Board of education case for Virginia
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Earl Warren
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supreme court justice in the Brown vs. Board of Education case
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southern Manifesto
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Document signed by more than one hundred member of Congress, denouncing Brown v. Board of Education as \"a clear abuse of judicial power.\"
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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an influential leader of the civil rights era, assassinated in 1968
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Dwight Eisenhower
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President who sent federal troops to Little Rock to guarantee that the nine African-American students were protected and integration would occur.
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Little Rock
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Arkansas Crisis,1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. troopers to ensure the students could attend class.
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National Urban League
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individual or group aided the growing numbers of African Americans in cities by helping them find jobs
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James Farmer
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Civil rights leader who founded the Congress of Racial Equality, led the first sit in
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Ella Baker
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55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)
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Robert Moses
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One of SNCC's most influential leaders. Recruited black and white volunteers to help rural blacks register to vote
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Boynton vs. Virginia
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-decision by the Supreme Court in 1960 that made racial segregation in public transportation illegal
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Ross Barnett
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Governor of Mississippi who tried to prevent James Meredith from entering Ole Miss,
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Eugene Connor
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Birmingham Police Chief that used fire houses and dogs to control the students during the Children's Crusade
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Children's March
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took place in Birmingham 1963, where children's nonviolent protest was met with firehoses and dogs. Images captured for TV.
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James Bevel
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SCLC minister who organized the children in the Children's March
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16th Street Baptist Church
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church that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the march on Washington, killing 4 teenage girls
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John F. Kennedy
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During this presidents era, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by Congress which was a landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed segregation in the US schools and public places.
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Medgar Evers
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Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks; he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
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Byron de la Beckwith
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shot Medgar Evers 1963 Mississippi; arrested, acquitted, arrested 30 years later and imprisoned for life
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A. Phillip Randolph
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African American labor leader who, in 1941, demanded that the government ban discrimination against Backs in defense industries
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Title I
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banned the use of different voter registration standards for white and black
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Title II
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prohibited discrimination in public accommodations (motels, restaurants, ect.)
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Title IV
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with held federal when discrimination is practiced money
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Title VII
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That part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibits employment discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as its enforcement vehicle.
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Everett Dirksen
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GOP leader in Senate led Repub. vote to end 57-day filibuster, passing Kennedy's civil rights measure
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J Edgar Hoover
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testified that the college campuses were centers of \"red propaganda,\" full of teachers \"tearing down respect for agencies of gov., belittling tradition and moral custom and...creating doubts in the validity of the American way of life\"
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Edmund Pettus Bridge
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bridge that led African Americans out of Selma, and Jim Clark's police attacked them
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Muslim Mosque Inc
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formed by Malcolm X
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Stokely Carmichael
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A leader of the Black Nationalist movement in 1966, he coined the phrase \"Black Power\". Broke off from the nonviolent movements.
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Black Panthers
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a radical group that urged African Americans to \"arm themselves\" for a racial war
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Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
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Founders of the Black Panthers.
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James Earl Ray
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convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail
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Lorraine Motel
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where Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated
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Ambassador Hotel
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Place where Robert F. Kennedy was shot.
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Sirhan Sirhan
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assassinated Robert Kennedy
