U.S. History Test Questions – Flashcards
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*A political force that wants reform in all levels of government, theology, education, industry, medicine, insurance, and finance.
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Progressive Movement
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*W.E.B. Du Bois's movement for political and economic equality for African Americans; eventually became the NAACP
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Niagara Movement
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*Woodrow Wilson's presidential campaign platform, rejecting economic consolidation.
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"New Freedom"
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*Theodore Roosevelt's proposed program of reform that recognized the value of consolidation in the economy but would protect the interests of individuals through big government.
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"New Nationalism"
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*An addition to the Monroe Doctrine that claimed the right of the United States to police the Americans
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Roosevelt Corollary
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*A British passenger liner sunk by German U-boats; resulted in American deaths and pushed the United States closer to joining the war in Europe.
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2. Lusitania
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*An intercepted internal German communication with instructions to offer Mexico lost hands in return for attacking the United States.
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3. Zimmermann Telegram
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ESSAY: What were the results of the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles? Include in your response (among other facts) what happened to the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires.
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The Paris Peace conference was an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles. Great Britain, France, The United States and Italy dominated the makings of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain and France were granted substantial authority over the Ottoman Empire separating the Ottoman Empire causing far-reached and long-lasting consequences for the Middle East and it later on became the independent republic of turkey. Italy agreed to enter the War World I after the Entente promised to fulfill its control over the land around its northeastern border, where many Italians lived under Austro Hungarian control.
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*The desired provisions laid out by Woodrow Wilson in a speech to Congress in 1918 for a World War I armistice.
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4. Fourteen Points
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*A renewal ad flourishing of black literary and musical culture during the years after World Was I in the Harlem section of New York City.
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1. Harlem Renaissance
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A conservative Protestant who advocated a return to the core ideas ad values of Christian faith, such as literal readings of the bible.
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Fundamentalist
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*A highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school.
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Scopes Trial
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*The date of the beginning of the Great Crash the collapsed American markets and marked the beginning of the Great Depression.
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Black Thursday
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Automobile manufacturer who pushed standardization and mass production and in large part made the automobile affordable to middle-class consumers.
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Henry Ford
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The first American Nobel Price winner for Literature; wrote Main Street
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Sinclair Lewis
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Jamaican nationalist, founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
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Marcus Garvey
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Powerful, traditional conservative Treasury secretary who sought corporate-friendly policies.
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Andrew Mellon
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Biology teacher placed on trial for the teaching of evolution; found guilty and fined $100.
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John Scopes
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*An area of land where vegetation has been lost and soil reduced to dust and eroded, as a consequence of drought or unsuitable farming practice.
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Dust Bowl
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*A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., seeking service benefits.
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Bonus Army
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*The set of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the 1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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New Deal
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*The scientific program commissioned by President Roosevelt that developed the atomic bomb.
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Manhattan Project
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Louisiana governor who broke with Roosevelt and pledged to bring about recovery through the "Share Our Wealth" campaign.
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Huey P. Long
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Priest who campaigned to end the Depression through nationalization of the banks, inflating the currency with silver, and spreading work.
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Charles Coughlin
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Treasury secretary who pushed for fiscal restraint as the nation began to pull out of the Great Depression.
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Henry Morgenthau
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*The deal brokered between the leaders of France and Britain and German leader Hitler that allowed German control of the Sudetenland in return for German pledges (later broken) to seek no more territory in Europe.
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Munich Pact
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*A surprise attach by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
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Pearl Harbor
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*The Pacific island where a battle occurred between Japanese and American forces, breaking Japanese navel supremacy in the Pacific.
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Midway
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The scientific program commissioned by President Roosevelt that developed the atomic bomb.
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Manhattan Project
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Essay What three plans to end the war against Japan were considered by the United States? What major reasons were given for the decision to drop atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
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...
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Labor leader and advocate of greater black militancy who organized a march on Washington, D.C., to gain entrance to jobs in a number of industries for black Americans.
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A. Philip Randolph
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The chapter introduction tells the story of the Triangle Shirtwaist fire to make the point that A) the time known as the progressive era was when modern city services such as police and fire departments spread across America. B) reformers of the day sought to use government to curb abusive corporations and establish a good society. C) industrial society increasingly had to face the negative consequences of decades of wrenching economic change. D) economic depression was not the only harsh reality faced by anxious Americans at the turn of the century.
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B) reformers of the day sought to use government to curb abusive corporations and establish a good society.
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The ideology of progressivism, insofar as it had one, generally A) mixed a liberal concern for the poor with a conservative wish to control social disorder. B) called for redistribution of incomes from wealthy to poor, and a socialist approach to government. C) was rooted in firm and fixed standards of morality and truth. D) stressed trying to meet the special needs of each identifiable private interest.
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A) mixed a liberal concern for the poor with a conservative wish to control social disorder.
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Which one of the following ideas should NOT be associated with progressivism? A) a belief in efficiency and planning B) moral overtones that could be expressed as a desire to restore moral purity C) a commitment to using government to curb the influence of "special interests" D) a skeptical view of human nature and American potential
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D) a skeptical view of human nature and American potential
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Pragmatism holds that A) all are created equal. B) truth is a function of results, not fixed principles. C) human behavior can be shaped at will. D) society is a jungle where only the best will survive.
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B) truth is a function of results, not fixed principles.
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The New England Kitchen was typical of the pattern of progressive reform in all of the following ways EXCEPT that A) scientific expertise was enlisted for social uplift. B) lower-or working-class community standards became the norm. C) reform-minded women were integral to reform efforts. D) reformers used both volunteerism and political action.
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B) lower-or working-class community standards became the norm.
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The text makes the important point that the goals of progressives were ________, though pursued through ________. A) social; politics B) political; society C) limited; radical rhetoric D) utopian; conservative institutions
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A) social; politics
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Which of the following is the best statement of the relationship between progressives and business? A) Business and progressive leaders shared a commitment to progress through efficiency and modern managerial techniques. B) Businessmen organized and funded political opposition to progressive political leaders. C) Progressives agreed on the need to control big business by breaking up "the trusts." D) When progressives gained political power, they eliminated the influence of the businessman and the boss.
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A) Business and progressive leaders shared a commitment to progress through efficiency and modern managerial techniques.
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All of the following undergirded progressive reform activities EXCEPT A) faith in the grass-roots wisdom and skill of the poor and victimized. B) appeals to Christian morality. C) reliance on planning and scientific management. D) belief in a general public interest.
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A) faith in the grass-roots wisdom and skill of the poor and victimized.
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McClure's magazine pioneered a new style of journalism featuring, among others, writer Lincoln Steffens, who A) scientifically analyzed social problems and proposed solutions. B) provided voter information to reveal where candidates stood and whose money they accepted. C) employed a gritty realism that portrayed life in the slums. D) presented carefully-researched exposés of corporate and government abuses.
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D) presented carefully-researched exposés of corporate and government abuses.
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The settlement house movement led to the new profession of A) home economics. B) poverty law. C) psychotherapy. D) social work.
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D) social work.
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All the following were progressive efforts to provide moral controls on society EXCEPT A) a literacy test for prospective immigrants. B) Margaret Sanger's campaign. C) the Anti-Saloon League's campaign. D) the Mann Act.
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B) Margaret Sanger's campaign.
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What social welfare activist served as the first head of the new federal Children's Bureau in 1912? A) Jane Addams B) Margaret Sange C) Julia Lathrop D) Florence Kelley
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C) Julia Lathrop
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The Nineteenth Amendment granting women the right to vote was embraced by many progressives because A) a large majority of American voters now favored it. B) it could offset growing jingoism and militarism, especially once World War I began. C) the women agitating for it moderated the radicalism of their campaign. D) the higher moral character of women would help clean up politics.
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D) the higher moral character of women would help clean up politics.
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The Nineteenth Amendment granting women the right to vote was finally passed in 1920 because A) a large majority of voters favored it. B) of women's contribution to the war effort in World War I at home and abroad. C) the women agitating for it moderated their disruptive campaign. D) almost every state already allowed women to vote in local elections.
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B) of women's contribution to the war effort in World War I at home and abroad.
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Who among the following would NOT promote efforts to reshape the environment in order to improve people's lives? A) John Dewey, educational theorist B) Madison Grant, eugenicist C) John B. Watson, psychologist D) Jane Addams, settlement house worker
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B) Madison Grant, eugenicist
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What group tended to be disproportionately prominent in the crusade against alcohol? A) women B) white ethnic communities C) those who sought national prohibition D) those who manufactured soft drinks
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A) women
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Which of the four progressive-era amendments to the federal Constitution is NOT correctly identified? A) authorizing a federal tax on incomes B) providing for election of U.S. senators by the people, not the state legislatures C) giving women the right to vote D) establishing a two-term limit on the U.S. president
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D) establishing a two-term limit on the U.S. president
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The "Square Deal" meant A) that, standing astride a balance of big labor and big capital, big government could ensure evenhanded treatment for all. B) negotiating labor contracts on behalf of workers, while interceding for bankers and manufacturers in foreign markets. C) cooperating with the four key Republican senators. D) trust-busting.
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A) that, standing astride a balance of big labor and big capital, big government could ensure evenhanded treatment for all.
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Theodore Roosevelt's approach to handling antitrust issues was to A) "speak softly and carry a big stick" by prosecuting all offenders. B) follow Supreme Court distinctions between commerce and manufacturing. C) regulate rather than prosecute whenever possible. D) encourage private, rather than public, lawsuits—filed under existing laws.
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C) regulate rather than prosecute whenever possible.
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Which statement does NOT accurately describe Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson? A) Both ran for president in 1912. B) Both used presidential power to promote pragmatic change. C) Both took significant symbolic steps to break down barriers of racial segregation. D) As his re-election campaign neared, Wilson began advocating programs that fit Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" ideas.
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C) Both took significant symbolic steps to break down barriers of racial segregation.
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The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy concerned A) whether government lands should be protected under federal regulation. B) how low tariffs should be dropped during a recession. C) how strictly railroads should be regulated. D) whether child labor laws should be strictly enforced.
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A) whether government lands should be protected under federal regulation.
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Many historians consider the ________ the most important reform of the early twentieth century because it established the means for expanded federal action. A) Sixteenth Amendment permitting income taxes on individuals and corporations B) Seventeenth Amendment providing for direct popular election of senators C) Eighteenth Amendment authorizing prohibition D) Nineteenth Amendment granting women's suffrage
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A) Sixteenth Amendment permitting income taxes on individuals and corporations
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What is an accurate description of the two competing brands of political progressivism in the 1912 presidential campaign (Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom")? A) The New Nationalism accepted concentrations of capital, labor, and government, but the New Freedom stressed competitiveness among small business and reduced government power. B) The New Nationalism supported business and ignored social justice concerns, while the New Freedom held to the reverse emphasis. C) Both welcomed assertive federal power and encouraged business growth. D) Neither was truly progressive.
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A) The New Nationalism accepted concentrations of capital, labor, and government, but the New Freedom stressed competitiveness among small business and reduced government power.
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In the presidential election of 1912, progressive politicians A) were given a resounding endorsement. B) were given an ambivalent acceptance. C) lost ground to pro-business interests. D) lost ground to pro-war interests.
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A) were given a resounding endorsement.
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Which of the following did NOT occur during the Wilson administration? A) creation of the Federal Trade Commission B) creation of the Federal Reserve System C) passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act D) passage of the Pure Food and Drug and Meat-Packing Acts
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D) passage of the Pure Food and Drug and Meat-Packing Acts
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The chapter introduction tells the story of the Panama Canal to make the point that A) progressives were increasingly willing to flex American muscle to shape the world order. B) the United States followed a pattern of arbitrary intervention in Latin America. C) the United States deliberately differed from European powers in the way they exercised influence abroad. D) Roosevelt took the canal.
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A) progressives were increasingly willing to flex American muscle to shape the world order.
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Theodore Roosevelt acquired territorial rights in Panama A) through persistent negotiations with Colombian authorities. B) by encouraging revolution in Panama. C) by threatening Panamanian political leaders. D) by seizing Panamanian territory by force.
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B) by encouraging revolution in Panama.
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Progressive diplomacy embodied all the following EXCEPT A) a belief in moralism in international affairs. B) a belief in the superiority of Anglo-American institutions, and therefore in America's mission to help civilize the non-Western world. C) a nationalistic commitment to remaining aloof from global power politics in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. D) a pragmatic commitment to preserving and enlarging opportunities for international trade.
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C) a nationalistic commitment to remaining aloof from global power politics in Europe, Latin America, and Asia.
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The depression of 1893 had an impact on America's international posture in that A) the U.S., with the return of prosperity, felt no great need to participate in the growing world of international trade. B) the strains of underproduction left America behind in the race for world markets. C) it encouraged American manufacturing and agricultural interest in markets abroad. D) the U.S. became determined to drop its barriers to foreign imports in order to restore domestic competitiveness.
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C) it encouraged American manufacturing and agricultural interest in markets abroad.
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Under the "Roosevelt Corollary," the U.S. A) agreed to abstain from interfering in the internal affairs of the Caribbean nations. B) declared the Canal Zone open to all nations. C) established a system of mutual financial and commercial obligations with Panama. D) justified intervention in the internal affairs of Caribbean countries.
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D) justified intervention in the internal affairs of Caribbean countries
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Roosevelt justified his "corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine with the reasoning that A) the instability of Latin American nations made them vulnerable to intervention by European powers. B) the untapped resources of Latin American nations made them fair game for aggressive American exploitation. C) the U.S. Navy, if displayed in all its power in Asia, would intimidate the imperial powers from any aggressive moves against American interests. D) Monroe would have agreed if he could have anticipated the insecurity of the modern world.
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A) the instability of Latin American nations made them vulnerable to intervention by European powers.
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Roosevelt's objectives in his Asian policy—which explain his actions in response to the Russo-Japanese War—included all EXCEPT A) holding the U.S. Navy in waters close to the U.S. for coastal defense. B) keeping the commercial door open in China. C) protecting U.S. Pacific holdings, especially the Philippines. D) maintaining the balance of power in the Pacific.
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A) holding the U.S. Navy in waters close to the U.S. for coastal defense.
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Taft's "dollar diplomacy" was intended to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT A) encourage private corporations to invest abroad. B) foster economic stability. C) tie debt-ridden nations to the U.S. instead of to Europe. D) promote American corporate interests overseas through regular use of armed force.
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D) promote American corporate interests overseas through regular use of armed force.
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Wilson built upon the diplomacy of Roosevelt and Taft by adding his own distinctive A) commitment to the selective use of armed force. B) reliance on international experts in and out of government to shape his foreign policy. C) conviction that justice, democracy, and the values of harmony and cooperation should guide foreign policy. D) insight that the new world order could not succeed unless the U.S. asserted its economic and military power.
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C) conviction that justice, democracy, and the values of harmony and cooperation should guide foreign policy.
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During the Wilson administration, a revolutionary situation led to U.S. invasions of what country? A) Nicaragua B) Mexico C) Cuba D) China
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B) Mexico
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Wilson's commitment to neutrality in World War I stemmed from his profound conviction that A) aggressive, threatening nationalisms would arise from the chaos of war. B) a neutral America could lead the warring nations to "a peace without victory." C) it was his Christian duty to impose America's will on the world. D) the U.S. had no security interests outside the Western Hemisphere.
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B) a neutral America could lead the warring nations to "a peace without victory."
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What circumstance led to an American posture in which true neutrality was dead? A) the British blockade, which cut off U.S. trade with Germany while supplies still flowed to the Allies B) the British blockade, which infuriated Wilson to the point of embargoing U.S. trade C) German war propaganda, which recruited thousands of influential German Americans to lobby on behalf of the German cause D) German war propaganda, which so alienated German Americans that they shifted their support to the British
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A) the British blockade, which cut off U.S. trade with Germany while supplies still flowed to the Allies
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All of the following inclined the U.S. toward entering on the side of the Allies in WWI EXCEPT that A) although some progressives opposed war, the idealistic progressive spirit pointed toward an American campaign to end militarism and establish a peaceful world order. B) the U.S. had cultural, economic, and historical ties to the Allies. C) although a pacifist at heart, Wilson campaigned for re-election in 1916 on a hawkish platform—and won decisively. D) the Germans employed submarine warfare against American merchant vessels.
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C) although a pacifist at heart, Wilson campaigned for re-election in 1916 on a hawkish platform—and won decisively.
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As the war lingered and the presidential election of 1916 loomed, Wilson endorsed ________, yet then ran a campaign stressing ________. A) Taft as his successor; that he was more progressive than Taft B) a set of strong positions in foreign affairs; domestic issues C) a pacifist position; how he had stood up to Germany on the U-boat issue D) enhanced military preparedness; that he kept the U.S. out of war
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D) enhanced military preparedness; that he kept the U.S. out of war
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The inflammatory Zimmerman telegram proposed that in the event of war between the U.S. and Germany, A) Mexico would attack the U.S. B) Germany would unleash unrestricted submarine warfare on U.S. merchant vessels. C) the U.S., once the Central Powers were defeated, would take over the German colonies. D) German nationals within the U.S. would be held in internment camps.
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A) Mexico would attack the U.S.
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When the draft began as a means to ensure adequate troops for the war, American public opinion A) was overwhelmingly opposed to it. B) ranged widely from opposition to support. C) was enthusiastically approving. D) was apathetic, since it affected relatively few Americans.
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B) ranged widely from opposition to support.
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What new weapon finally broke the stalemate by negating the defensive advantage of entrenched troops? A) the zeppelin B) the Unterseeboote C) the airplane D) the tank
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D) the tank
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How did the United States pay for the costs of its involvement in World War I? A) subsidies from Britain and France B) reparations from defeated Germany C) the sale of bonds and savings certificates to U.S. citizens D) inflationary currency manipulation by the Federal Reserve
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C) the sale of bonds and savings certificates to U.S. citizens
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All were true of the war's impact on the federal government EXCEPT that A) centralized management along the lines of TR's New Nationalism accelerated the creation of the modern bureaucratic state. B) the national debt multiplied tenfold. C) government-sponsored propaganda promoted psychological and social conformity. D) the Supreme Court struck down acts of Congress that curtailed American civil liberties.
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D) the Supreme Court struck down acts of Congress that curtailed American civil liberties.
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Among the "home front" impacts of World War I were all of the following EXCEPT A) a draft to provide military manpower. B) a government-business partnership to manage the war economy. C) a spirit of unity that reduced racial and ethnic tensions. D) a government information agency designed to stir up patriotic support for the war.
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C) a spirit of unity that reduced racial and ethnic tensions.
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Characterize the "Fourteen Points." A) a pragmatic list of specifics undergirding Wilson's desire to mediate an end to the war B) an idealistic vision for a world order freed of selfish nationalism, imperialism, and war C) a blueprint for a punitive peace that would prevent any resurgence of German aggression D) a code of moralistic guidelines for future diplomatic practice
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B) an idealistic vision for a world order freed of selfish nationalism, imperialism, and war
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The Treaty of Versailles never received U.S. Senate ratification because A) the vast majority of Americans came to oppose it. B) Wilson himself came to oppose it. C) Wilson ordered Democratic senators to vote against the amended treaty. D) it would have destroyed U.S. national security.
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C) Wilson ordered Democratic senators to vote against the amended treaty.
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The attitudes and public behavior in America immediately after the end of the war have been given the label A) the "Red scare." B) "normalcy." C) the "Great Euphoria." D) the "New World Order."
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A) the "Red scare."
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The end of the war, the success of Bolshevism in Russia, and the sense of cultural crisis led to all of the following EXCEPT A) fear of labor militancy at home. B) fear of organized conspiracies to overthrow the government. C) fear of foreign terrorist or military attack. D) anarchist bombings.
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C) fear of foreign terrorist or military attack.
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The raids launched by Palmer were A) part of a baseball scandal involving attempts to bribe a pitcher to switch teams. B) incursions into New Mexico by a Mexican rebel who murdered Americans. C) efforts by congressional insurgents to strip the speaker of the house of certain powers. D) a series of illegal arrests of alleged radical subversives under the direction of the U.S. attorney general.
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D) a series of illegal arrests of alleged radical subversives under the direction of the U.S. attorney general.
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The chapter introduction tells the story of Sister Aimee and the imaginary Smiths to make the point that A) Catholics, like other marginal groups, were becoming more culturally influential in the urbanized mass culture of the 1920s. B) transformations of the New Era mixed ambivalently with traditional beliefs and practices. C) in the Jazz Age, truth was often stranger than fiction. D) modern methods and values had taken over the minds of Americans by the 1920s.
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B) transformations of the New Era mixed ambivalently with traditional beliefs and practices.
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One of the most important economic transformations in the years after World War I was A) the shift from industry's reliance on railroads to reliance on the automobile. B) the shift in production from heavy industry to consumer goods and services. C) the move from the Northeast and Midwest to the West Coast as the country's industrial heartland. D) a change from a more cooperative to a more adversarial relationship between government and business.
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B) the shift in production from heavy industry to consumer goods and services.
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Henry Ford's great contribution to modern industrial culture was A) the invention of the gasoline engine. B) his sensitivity to the needs of the modern worker. C) his commitment to standardization and assembly-line mass production. D) his canny use of product diversification to appeal to a wide range of individual tastes.
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C) his commitment to standardization and assembly-line mass production.
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What might be called a "second or post-Industrial Revolution," the "roaring economy" of the 1920s involved all the following EXCEPT A) a productivity revolution based on technology. B) a consumer-goods revolution. C) a revolution in thinking, in which advertising persuaded consumers to buy now rather than save. D) a revolution in labor relations, marked by new growth in the size and influence of labor unions.
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D) a revolution in labor relations, marked by new growth in the size and influence of labor unions.
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The automobile was to the 1920s what the railroad had been to the nineteenth century, in that A) it was both a powerful catalyst to economic growth and a symbol for the age. B) the government regulated it strictly. C) Americans made heroes out of automakers like Ford and Sloan, as they had the railroad builders. D) automobile production relied on earlier forms of corporate strategies.
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A) it was both a powerful catalyst to economic growth and a symbol for the age.
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The expansion and consolidation of industry between 1920 and 1930 meant that A) the government was increasingly controlled by a few extremely rich "captains of industry." B) individual stockholders had more and more say in company management. C) bureaucratic management became divorced from stockholder ownership. D) more and more antitrust actions were initiated by the government.
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C) bureaucratic management became divorced from stockholder ownership.
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Which one of the following was NOT a feature of the modern corporation in the 1920s? A) Ownership was spread among thousands of stockholders. B) Bureaucratized organizations created a new elite of salaried managers. C) Corporate power existed in the hands of stockholders rather than in company management. D) A new wave of mergers further consolidated industry into a series of oligopolies.
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C) Corporate power existed in the hands of stockholders rather than in company management.
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To encourage consumption, demand for goods was stimulated by all of the following EXCEPT A) advertising. B) the creation of consumer credit. C) a new abundance and variety of goods available. D) increased business competition.
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D) increased business competition.
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All of the following are traits attributed to a "New Woman" EXCEPT A) spiritual. B) independent. C) assertive. D) athletic.
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A) spiritual.
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For labor unions, the 1920s was a decade of A) unprecedented membership growth. B) holding on, retaining but not increasing membership or influence. C) retooling to become eager partners with business in a cooperative welfare capitalism. D) serious decline in membership.
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D) serious decline in membership.
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Aviator Charles "Lucky Lindy" Lindbergh thrilled the world with his solo, non-stop flight from Long Island, NY to A) Paris. B) London. C) Rome. D) Madrid.
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A) Paris.
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What new style of music that fused soulfulness and syncopated rhythms was born in the roaring 20s? A) ragtime B) Dixieland C) rhythm and blues D) jazz
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D) jazz
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Which of the following influenced the sense of meaninglessness and alienation that was characteristic of writers and intellectuals in the 1920s? A) the experience of World War I B) Victorian liberalism C) anti-nihilist philosophy D) None of these answers is correct
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A) the experience of World War I
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The outpouring of literature and art by the "New Negro" of the 1920s became known as the A) civil rights movement. B) Southern Revival. C) Harlem Renaissance. D) Black Resurrection.
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C) Harlem Renaissance.
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What piece of federal legislation in the 1920s was a significant shift from a historic American practice? A) tariff reduction B) immigration restriction C) Prohibition repeal D) antitrust enforcement
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B) immigration restriction
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The National Origins Act, which fixed immigration patterns for four decades, A) greatly increased immigration from eastern Europe. B) allowed for increased immigration from Asia, particularly well-educated Japanese. C) put strict quotas on the number of immigrants to be allowed into the U.S. every year. D) authorized discrimination against American citizens who had a particular national origin.
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C) put strict quotas on the number of immigrants to be allowed into the U.S. every year.
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In the early part of the twentieth century, immigration from Mexico jumped for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) recruiting by the AFL in a campaign to increase its membership. B) recruiting by American farmers in need of farm workers. C) Mexicans fleeing poverty. D) Mexicans fleeing the dislocations of revolution.
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A) recruiting by the AFL in a campaign to increase its membership.
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In the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan A) did not really exist as an influential organization, despite media ballyhoo. B) primarily attracted upper-class single males and females of declining social status. C) gained strong support in some areas of the North as well as in the South. D) primarily focused its hatred on the "New Negro."
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C) gained strong support in some areas of the North as well as in the South.
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The most celebrated public event of the fundamentalist-modernist conflict was ________, which resulted in ________. A) the Scopes trial; a guilty verdict and a $100 fine B) passage of the Eighteenth Amendment; a failed experiment in prohibiting the use of alcohol C) the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan; restrictions on immigration D) the election of 1928; the defeat of Catholicism
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A) the Scopes trial; a guilty verdict and a $100 fine
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The former presidential candidate who became a leading spokesman against the theory of evolution during the 1920s was A) Andrew Mellon. B) William Jennings Bryan. C) Woodrow Wilson. D) William McAdoo.
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B) William Jennings Bryan.
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The weakest area of the American economy through the 1920s was A) the stock market. B) agriculture. C) electric power. D) the automobile industry.
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B) agriculture.
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In the 1920s, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover believed in A) the benefits of unrestrained competition. B) the inefficiency of warm-spirited labor relations. C) viewing business and government as partners rather than as adversaries. D) viewing foreign trade as a cause of dependency rather than profitability.
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C) viewing business and government as partners rather than as adversaries.
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The Five-Power Agreement of 1921 involved A) steps to outlaw war. B) the creation of a collective security agreement throughout the Western Hemisphere. C) steps toward naval disarmament. D) the end of the Open Door.
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C) steps toward naval disarmament.
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What event signaled the start of the Great Depression, the greatest depression in the history of the modern world? A) the Great Crash B) "Black Friday" C) the Bull Market Bubble D) Great Britain abandoning the gold standard
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A) the Great Crash
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What two industries began suffering in 1928 as demand sagged, which should have called attention to defects in the American economy prior to the Great Depression? A) energy; construction B) durable goods; steel C) mining; heavy industry D) construction; auto manufacturing
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D) construction; auto manufacturing
question
The chapter introduction tells the story of federal investigator Lorena Hickok to make the point that A) the decade of the Depression and the New Deal was also the decade of gangsters, environmental abuse, and underground radical movements. B) while New Deal programs helped many Americans, a closer look revealed inefficiency, corruption, and waste. C) Franklin Roosevelt not only had to lead the nation out of the Depression, he also had to cope with entrenched opposition to his reforms within the federal government itself. D) Depression-bound Americans found hope in liberal social welfare programs of an activist federal government.
answer
D) Depression-bound Americans found hope in liberal social welfare programs of an activist federal government.
question
Which of the following statements about the hard times of the Great Depression is NOT true? A) Marriages and births, symbols of faith in the future, decreased. B) Mothers who stayed home found their traditional roles more disrupted than their husbands'. C) For the first time, emigration out of the United States exceeded immigration into it. D) Over half the female labor force continued to work in domestic service or in the garment trades.
answer
B) Mothers who stayed home found their traditional roles more disrupted than their husbands'.
question
The dust storms that devastated the plains resulted from all the following EXCEPT A) logging of the region's trees. B) intensive agriculture. C) overgrazing. D) drought.
answer
A) logging of the region's trees.
question
One result of the "Dust Bowl" was that A) California became the most populous state in the union. B) several million people on the plains abandoned their farms. C) Mexican Americans and African Americans took advantage of the opportunity to settle abandoned land. D) big industrial agricultural cooperatives broke up into smaller units.
answer
B) several million people on the plains abandoned their farms.
question
During the Depression, the federal government began to deport A) anarchists. B) Japanese. C) Mexicans. D) Jews.
answer
C) Mexicans.
question
The story of the "Scottsboro boys" illustrates the point that the Depression A) increased the number of homeless, vagrant males. B) caused a return of old-fashioned outlaws in the West. C) inflamed racial prejudice. D) was especially devastating for young children of unemployed fathers.
answer
C) inflamed racial prejudice.
question
Herbert Hoover's response to the Great Depression can best be summarized as A) no sympathy for individuals, and only verbal encouragement to business to build public confidence. B) a series of attempts to lay the blame on speculators or international conditions to deflect political attacks. C) a stoic decision to do little but reduce federal spending and await the eventual cyclical recovery. D) initially, a voluntarist approach to both recovery and relief, but then an unprecedented series of active government measures.
answer
D) initially, a voluntarist approach to both recovery and relief, but then an unprecedented series of active government measures.
question
Which one of the following best describes President Herbert Hoover's initial approach to the Great Depression, as your text portrays it? A) a commitment to direct federal relief payments to the unemployed B) total inactivity; isolated in the White House, he had no compassion for the poor C) rhetoric about a "new deal for the American people," but no concrete and specific proposals D) efforts to promote the same kind of relationship between government and business that he'd advocated during his term as secretary of commerce
answer
D) efforts to promote the same kind of relationship between government and business that he'd advocated during his term as secretary of commerce
question
At first, President Hoover tried to stimulate the economy A) indirectly, by encouraging cooperative private initiative. B) indirectly, by lowering tariffs. C) directly, by promoting deficit spending. D) directly, by forcing Europeans to repay American war debts.
answer
A) indirectly, by encouraging cooperative private initiative.
question
The "Bonus Army" was a A) group of veterans who came to Washington to get bonuses promised them for service in World War I. B) social organization composed of men who had fought in France in 1917. C) group of farmers demanding a bonus to compensate them for their eviction by large landowners. D) group of unemployed scientists and explorers who participated in a federal survey project.
answer
A) group of veterans who came to Washington to get bonuses promised them for service in World War I.
question
Besides the defeat of the discredited Hoover, what else did the election of 1932 accomplish? A) It returned the popular Roosevelt to the White House. B) It solidified the shift to a Democratic party majority. C) It brought to the presidency a man with a coherent philosophy and program for ending the Depression. D) It proved that in times of crisis, a presidential election will be a very close race.
answer
B) It solidified the shift to a Democratic party majority.
question
Franklin Roosevelt's new Democratic coalition A) united Democrats in the South with the rising middle class of the far West. B) united Democrats in the South with citizens in industrial cities. C) united newer white-collar Democrats with southern "rednecks." D) split the Republican alliance of the business class and "TR progressives."
answer
B) united Democrats in the South with citizens in industrial cities.
question
Which statement about the New Deal is true? A) Because he grew up in poverty, President Roosevelt had a special sympathy for the suffering of poor people during the 1930s. B) The New Deal agency that had the most direct and dramatic impact on women's lives was the Civilian Conservation Corps. C) Labor unions, taking advantage of New Deal legislation, secured impressive gains despite Roosevelt's aloof attitude. D) The New Deal legislation providing for old-age pensions and aid to the blind, handicapped, and dependent children was called "work relief."
answer
C) Labor unions, taking advantage of New Deal legislation, secured impressive gains despite Roosevelt's aloof attitude.
question
FDR not only strengthened the office of the presidency, he tried to dominate the other branches of government. He was relatively successful during his first administration, in ________, but unsuccessful during his second, in ________. A) getting Congress to pass his legislative proposals; reshaping the Supreme Court B) appointing sympathetic judges to the lower courts; getting Congress to sustain his vetoes C) Supreme Court rulings on the constitutionality of the New Deal; his attempts to purge the Democrats who had begun opposing him D) building up the federal bureaucracy; reducing the power of the states
answer
A) getting Congress to pass his legislative proposals; reshaping the Supreme Court
question
The New Deal's first step to achieve recovery dealt with A) unemployment. B) public works. C) banking. D) the trusts.
answer
C) banking.
question
What New Deal agency put young, single men to work planting trees, building parks, and fighting soil erosion? A) Reconstruction Finance Corporation B) Tennessee Valley Authority C) Civilian Conservation Corps D) Agricultural Adjustment Administration
answer
C) Civilian Conservation Corps
question
Under the National Recovery Administration, industry was encouraged to adopt "codes of fair practice" that would do all of the following EXCEPT A) keep wages above set minimums, and hours below set maximums. B) free prices from monopolistic constraints. C) outlaw child labor and sweatshops. D) allow union organization.
answer
B) free prices from monopolistic constraints.
question
One of the most important achievements of the New Deal in the area of banking was included in a 1933 act. This key reform A) was the uniting of investment and commercial banking so that bankers could more readily transfer depositors' money. B) was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, so that the government would guarantee bank deposits. C) allowed weak banks to default on corporate loans, so that they could meet their obligation to individual depositors. D) was the creation of the Federal Reserve System to regulate the banking industry.
answer
B) was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, so that the government would guarantee bank deposits.
question
The National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration shared what strategy to stimulate the economy? A) a bimetallic standard to increase the money supply B) government-guaranteed loans to "bail out" banks, big businesses, and large farms that faced probable bankruptcy C) a voluntary, private sector-government partnership to limit production and raise prices D) minimum-wage and maximum-price rules to raise consumer purchasing power
answer
C) a voluntary, private sector-government partnership to limit production and raise prices
question
In the "Second New Deal," Roosevelt did all of the following EXCEPT A) move leftward politically. B) stress more sweeping reforms to initiate the welfare state. C) embrace the concept of work relief. D) establish full economic recovery.
answer
D) establish full economic recovery.
question
Which program was enacted during the Second New Deal? A) an outdoor work program for unemployed young men B) an insurance program for the elderly C) a program to stabilize and regulate banking D) a flood control project for the Tennessee River
answer
B) an insurance program for the elderly
question
Roosevelt's administration, under the prodding of Eleanor Roosevelt and Harold Ickes, A) began to support racial integration, and banned discrimination in certain programs. B) gave assistance to Mexican Americans but offered little support to Indians. C) was passionate in its devotion to complete racial integration. D) supported an anti-lynching bill.
answer
A) began to support racial integration, and banned discrimination in certain programs.
question
It could be argued that the most important Indian reform of the New Deal was that A) the tribes regained control over Indian land. B) Indians were no longer under state jurisdiction. C) Indian land owners could sell their property. D) tribal governments could now rule the reservations.
answer
A) the tribes regained control over Indian land.
question
The New Deal, according to the assessment in your text, offered a legacy in all the following ways EXCEPT in A) bringing recovery from the Great Depression. B) preserving and even strengthening capitalism. C) modernizing and personalizing the American presidency. D) making an active government responsible for economic security in America.
answer
A) bringing recovery from the Great Depression.
question
The chapter introduction tells the story of Hawaiian pipefitter John Garcia to make the point that A) the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was used as justification for interning Japanese Americans. B) Mexican Americans made significant gains in acceptance because of their contribution to the war effort. C) the attack on Hawaii and subsequent global war taught Americans that they could not be isolated from the perils of the rest of the world. D) tragically, it now appears that U.S. entry into World War II could have been avoided if Roosevelt had been less preoccupied with Europe.
answer
C) the attack on Hawaii and subsequent global war taught Americans that they could not be isolated from the perils of the rest of the world.
question
Each of the following was a component of U.S. diplomacy between the world wars EXCEPT A) reaction to a Japanese takeover of Manchuria with nothing more than refusal to recognize an act that violated international agreements or open-door principles. B) becoming a good neighbor to Latin America by using economic influence rather than military intervention. C) joining collective efforts to block German and Japanese aggression. D) renouncing collective action and declining to act as a world leader.
answer
C) joining collective efforts to block German and Japanese aggression.
question
What did Hoover allow his secretary of state, Henry Stimson, to do in response to the Japanese takeover of Manchuria? A) support the Japanese action B) refuse to recognize the new Japanese territories C) sign on with the League of Nations in a joint protest and censure D) embargo all oil and scrap iron sales to Japan
answer
B) refuse to recognize the new Japanese territories
question
The Nye Committee hearings in the 1930s popularized the idea that a key factor leading the United States into World War I had been A) German aggression. B) the power vacuum caused by the decline of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. C) the need to protect American bank loans to the Allies (which were used to buy arms from U.S. manufacturers). D) the need to protect American overseas colonial possessions (which were threatened by German and Japanese expansion).
answer
C) the need to protect American bank loans to the Allies (which were used to buy arms from U.S. manufacturers).
question
The neutrality legislation of the 1930s was based on the assumption that the United States could keep out of war by A) ending its own depression. B) granting independence to all American foreign possessions. C) staying out of the League of Nations. D) banning arms sales to countries at war.
answer
D) banning arms sales to countries at war.
question
During World War II, the United States was part of the "Grand Alliance," which included all of the following EXCEPT A) the Soviet Union. B) China. C) Italy. D) Britain.
answer
C) Italy.
question
To assist Great Britain after the fall of France in 1940, President Roosevelt A) asked Congress to declare war on Germany. B) devised ways to provide aid without going to war. C) sent troops to England. D) asked Congress to pass the Neutrality legislation.
answer
B) devised ways to provide aid without going to war.
question
The war aims of the Allies were articulated before U.S. entry into the war, in the so-called Atlantic Charter. This document included all of the following EXCEPT A) a call for a new association of nations. B) a condemnation of Nazism. C) a commitment to the "Four Freedoms." D) the combined approval of Churchill and Roosevelt.
answer
A) a call for a new association of nations.
question
The Southeast Asia state known as French Indochina is today known as A) Indonesia. B) Vietnam. C) Cambodia. D) Laos.
answer
B) Vietnam.
question
Concerning the background to the Pearl Harbor attack, which of the following statements is true? A) Right up until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt was one of the country's most outspoken isolationists. B) The text ultimately explains the coming of war with Japan by showing how each side came to understand the other's intentions. C) Clear evidence now exists that President Franklin Roosevelt knew about and even encouraged the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor in 1941. D) Before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. provided substantial military aid to the British and Russians.
answer
D) Before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. provided substantial military aid to the British and Russians.
question
Concerning the aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attack, which of the following statements is NOT true? A) Because of American outrage over Pearl Harbor, both Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed that the Pacific war against Japan would be their priority military objective. B) Ironically, American unity forged by the disastrous loss at Pearl Harbor made the Allied defeat of Germany possible. C) Misreading of each other's cultural character and likely behavior explain both Japan's successful surprise attack and America's decisive response. D) Pearl Harbor was just the first in a series of Japanese victories that by summer 1942 led to Japanese control over most of the western Pacific, as well as the eastern edge of the Asian mainland.
answer
A) Because of American outrage over Pearl Harbor, both Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed that the Pacific war against Japan would be their priority military objective.
question
Collectively the Allies, despite early defeats, enjoyed significant strengths that would bring victory in the long haul, including all EXCEPT A) a professed public commitment to Wilsonian ideals that managed to sustain morale. B) able political leadership that managed to maintain a unified purpose. C) Soviet manpower. D) American industrial production.
answer
A) a professed public commitment to Wilsonian ideals that managed to sustain morale.
question
After Allied forces in North Africa were halted at the Kasserine Pass, which general regrouped them and masterminded an impressive string of victories? A) Eisenhower B) Patton C) Montgomery D) Rommel
answer
B) Patton
question
The text makes the point that minorities in the United States A) enlisted in high numbers to avoid being sent to internment camps. B) avoided getting involved in the war effort as much as they could. C) enlisted to become a part of the American mainstream. D) overcame racial prejudice in the army, which was desegregated at the outset of the war.
answer
C) enlisted to become a part of the American mainstream.
question
Which of the following does NOT describe an aspect of the impact of World War II on American society? A) It brought recovery from the stagnation and unemployment of the Great Depression. B) Military life served as a melting pot, as well as taking Americans far from home. C) Women and minorities felt resentment at being barred from military service. D) Women found new economic opportunities despite little change in gender attitudes.
answer
C) Women and minorities felt resentment at being barred from military service.
question
Which statement regarding the "miracle" of war production is most accurate? A) War production rested on the conversion of peacetime industries, so overall economic output grew very little. B) Both corporate profits and personal incomes rose, though more-flexible smaller firms and wealthier individuals gained the most. C) Worker productivity increased, due more to new job opportunities after a long depression than to any commitment to the war effort. D) U.S. achievements in war production proved as important to the Allied victory as success on the battlefield.
answer
D) U.S. achievements in war production proved as important to the Allied victory as success on the battlefield.
question
Roosevelt established the ________, similar to the agency Wilson had created during World War I, to ease tensions between business and labor and end labor strife. A) War Labor Board B) National Labor Relations Board C) War Labor Relations Board D) National War Labor Board
answer
A) War Labor Board
question
Most Americans viewed war work for women as A) a permanent change in the role of women in American society. B) a temporary response to the war emergency. C) unpatriotic. D) evidence that Americans must rethink gender stereotypes.
answer
B) a temporary response to the war emergency.
question
What happened to the New Deal during the war? A) Since wartime spending brought recovery, neither Roosevelt nor Congress thought the New Deal was needed anymore. B) Since "Dr. New Deal" had become "Dr. Win-the-War," there was little political interest in domestic legislation. C) An anti-New Deal coalition moved to end many New Deal programs, and the president adapted to the new political environment. D) Although cloaked in wartime labels, several additional New Deal-style agencies were in fact created to provide relief, recovery, and reform.
answer
C) An anti-New Deal coalition moved to end many New Deal programs, and the president adapted to the new political environment.
question
June 6, 1944, was the date of A) the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. B) Operation Overlord, the Allied attack across the English Channel. C) VE Day, when Germany surrendered to the Allies as they overran Berlin. D) the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
answer
B) Operation Overlord, the Allied attack across the English Channel.
question
Choose the correct sequence of campaigning on the western front in the European theater of operations: I. Cross-channel invasion; II. Invasion of Italy; III. North Africa campaign; IV. Invasion of Sicily. A) III, IV, II, I B) I, III, IV, II C) III, I, IV, II D) I, II, III, IV
answer
A) III, IV, II, I
question
Winston Churchill's vision for the postwar world A) stressed the balance of power to check the Soviets, and resisted ending colonial empires. B) placed first priority on reviving a strong international organization to achieve collective security. C) sought expansive advantages to guarantee security for his own nation, based on suspicions about his two Allied counterparts. D) imagined the continuation of the Grand Alliance into the postwar world as "Policemen" of world peace and order.
answer
A) stressed the balance of power to check the Soviets, and resisted ending colonial empires.
question
The vast majority of Nazi Germany's war casualties occurred A) on the Eastern Front B) in the hedgerows in France. C) in Italy, in trying to halt the southern advance. D) while defending German soil.
answer
A) on the Eastern Front
question
The first city attacked with atomic weapons was A) Tokyo. B) Hiroshima. C) Nagasaki. D) Edo.
answer
B) Hiroshima.
question
At the Potsdam summit, A) the United Nations was organized. B) Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on the fate of Germany. C) Truman, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on occupying Germany, but had to compromise on reparations. D) representatives of smaller allied nations met with the Big Three to hammer out a comprehensive peace treaty, ending the war.
answer
C) Truman, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on occupying Germany, but had to compromise on reparations.
