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Part of speech

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A way of categorising words according to their grammatical function and meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction.

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Grammar

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describe how we combine, organize and change words and parts of words to make meaning.

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Noun

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A person, place or thing, e.g. elephant, girl, grass, school.

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collective noun

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is a noun that refers to a group of people or things, e.g. the police, the government.

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A common noun

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is a noun that is not the name of a particular person, place or thing, e.g. table, book.

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A compound noun

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is a combination of two or more words, which are used as a single word, e.g. a flower shop, a headache.

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A countable noun

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has a singular and plural form, e.g. book books.

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A plural noun

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is more than one person, place or thing and can be regular or irregular, e.g. boys, women.

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A proper noun

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is the name of a person or place, e.g. Robert, London.

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An uncountable noun

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does not have a plural form, e.g. information.

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Noun phrase

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A single word or a group of words that act as the subject, object or complement in a sentence or utterance. It usually contains a noun and words occurring before or after the noun that modify it, e.g. in the sentence 'The tall shy-looking girl on the right is my sister.'

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verb

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A word used to show an action, state, event or process, e.g. I like cheese; He speaks Italian.

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An auxiliary verb

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is a verb used with other verbs to make questions, negatives, tenses, etc. e.g. be, do, have.

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The base form of a verb

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is the infinitive form of a verb without 'to', e.g. go.

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The infinitive form

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is the base form of a verb with 'to'. It is used after another verb, after an adjective or noun or as the subject or object of a sentence, e.g. 'I want to study.', 'It's difficult to understand.'

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An irregular verb

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does not follow the same pattern as regular verbs. Each irregular verb has its own way of forming the past simple and past participle, e.g. go went (past simple) gone (past participle).

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A modal verb

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is a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or obligation or possibility. They include can, must, will, should, e.g. I can speak French, but I should study even harder.

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A multiword verb

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is made up of a verb and one or more particles (adverbs and/or prepositions). The meaning of a multiword verb is not the same as the meaning of the individual verbs and participles that make it. One multiword verb may have more than one meaning, e.g. Get your coat on and then we can leave (wear), How are you getting on with that job (progressing).

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A phrasal verb

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is a type of multiword verb which is made up of a verb + an adverb particle, e.g. look after - A mother looks after her children.

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A regular verb

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changes its forms by adding -ed in the past simple and past participle, e.g. walk walked.

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A reporting verb

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is a verb such as tell, advise, suggest used in reported speech to report what someone has said, e.g. Jane advised John to study harder.

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Verb pattern

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The form of the words following the verb, e.g. He advised me to get there early. (advise + object pronoun + to + base form).

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Verb phrase

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The part of a sentence containing a main verb and any other verbs that qualify it, e.g. He must have heard me; Those fantastic things couldn't have been made by machine.

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Verbs of perception

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Verbs related to the senses or emotions, e.g. hear, see, smell, taste, feel. These verbs follow distinctive grammatical patterns.

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Dynamic verbs

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Verbs referring to actions, events or bodily sensations and that express some kind of action. They can be used in the progressive/continuous form e.g. His leg is hurting him; They're eating their supper; It's changing shape.

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Finite verb

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A part of the verb which shows time or person e.g. in the sentence 'He goes away, laughing, 'goes' shows time and person whereas 'laughing' shows neither.

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Non-finite verb

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A part of the verb which does not show time or person, e.g. the infinitive (He needed to have a holiday), the present participle (Not understanding the question, he gave the wrong answer).

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semi modal

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A verb that has a modal meaning but does not have all the grammatical features of modal verbs. Examples of semi-modals are ought to, be able to, used to.

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separable phrasal verb

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A phrasal verb in which the particle can be separated from the verb, e.g. He looked up a word. / He looked a word up.

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State (stative) verbs

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Verbs which describe a state or situation rather than an action. They tend not to be used in the progressive/continuous e.g. to want, to contain.

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transitive verbs

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are action verbs that have an object to receive that action.

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intransitive verbs

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are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, the do not have an object receiving the action.

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Adjective

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An adjective describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun, e.g. a cold day.

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A comparative adjective

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compares two things, e.g. He is taller than she is.

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A demonstrative adjective

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shows whether something is near or far from the speaker, e.g. this (near),that (far).

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An -ing/-ed adjective

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describes things or feelings. An -ing adjective describes things or people, e.g. The book is very interesting. An -ed adjective describes feelings, e.g. I am very interested in the book.

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A possessive adjective

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shows who something belongs to, e.g. my, our.

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A superlative adjective

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compares more than two things, e.g. He is the tallest boy in the class.

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Gradable/ungradable

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A gradable adjective or adverb can be measured in degrees. Non-gradable adjectives or adverbs cannot be. Examples of gradable adjectives are 'exciting, solid, interesting'. They can be qualified by words such as more, rather, quite which show degree. Examples of ungradable adjectives are 'perfect, alive, salaried'.

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Adverb

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An adverb describes or gives more information about how, when, where, or to what degree etc something is done, e.g. he worked quickly and well.

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Adverbial

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word, phrase or clause acting as an adverb e.g. in the sentence She cut the paper as carefully as she could, the underlined part is an adverbial.

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Determiner

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A determiner is used to make clear which noun is referred to, or to give information about quantity, and includes words such as the, a, this, that, my, some, e.g. That car is mine.

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Preposition

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A word used before a noun, pronoun or gerund to connect it to another word, e.g. He was in the garden.

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Dependent preposition

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Many nouns, verbs and adjectives are followed by a particular preposition. These prepositions are dependent prepositions, e.g. interested in, depend on, bored with.

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Pronoun

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A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.

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A demonstrative pronoun

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is a word which refers to a noun (phrase) and shows whether it is near or far from the speaker, e.g. this, that, these, those.

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An object pronoun

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is a word which replaces an object noun or an object noun phrase, e.g. him, her.

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Personal pronouns

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are words, which are used instead of the name of a person, e.g. I (subject pronoun), me (object pronoun).

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A possessive pronoun

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is used to replace a noun and shows something belongs to someone, e.g. the house is mine.

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A reflexive pronoun

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is used when the object of a sentence refers to the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence, e.g. He cut himself.

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A relative pronoun

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introduces a relative clause, e.g. the book which I'm reading is interesting.

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Conjunction

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is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g. I like tea but I don't like coffee because it's too strong for me.

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Co-ordinating conjunction

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Conjunctions which link two main clauses or two other grammatical units which have the same grammatical status. 'and' and 'but' are examples of co-ordinating conjunctions e.g. He was keen but lazy; He played football and tennis.

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Subordinating conjunction

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A conjunction that links a main clause with a subordinate clause e.g. though, while, because.

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Contraction

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A shorter form of a group of words, which usually occurs in auxiliary verbs, e.g. you have = you've; it is = it's.

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