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Tissue

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groups of cells that have specialized structural and functional roles

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Epithelial tissue

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covers organs, lines the inside of body cavities and hollow organs

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Basement membrane

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thin, nonliving layer that attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue

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Simple squamous epithelium

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single layer, reduces friction, in the inner lining of the lung, the filtration membrane of the kidneys, lining of the chest and abdominal cavities, lining blood and lymphatic vessels

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Simple cuboidal epithelium

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single layer of cube-shaped cells with central, spherical nuclei, found where secretion and absorption take place: on the surface of the ovaries; in the secretory portions of glands (thyroid); lining of the ducts of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and salivary glands

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Simple columnar epithelium

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single layer of elongated cells with nuclei located near the basement membrane, Line the length of the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach to the rectum

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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found in some areas of the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract

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stratified squamous epithelium

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many layers of flattened cells, Found in regions of the body that are subject to mechanical and chemical stresses (lining of the mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum; epidermis)

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stratified cuboidal epithelium

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two or three layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen, Found primarily along large excretory ducts (sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands)

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stratified columnar epithelium

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several layers of elongated cells, rare, Found in select parts of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems and along some excretory ducts

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transitional epithelium

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specialized to change in response to increased tension, found in the urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, calyxes of the kidney

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glandular epithelium

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cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids, Have prominent endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules

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exocrine gland

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glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto some internal or external surface

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endocrine gland

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glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood

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merocrine gland

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glands that release watery, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis

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apocrine gland

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glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion

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holocrine gland

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glands in which the entire cell lyses during secretion

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connective tissue

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composed of non-living extra-cellular matrix, provides structural and nutritional support, vascularized, blood, bone, cartilage

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matrix

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intercellular material consisting of fibers and a ground substance whose consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid

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fibroblasts

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large, star-shaped fixed cells, manufacture and secrete both the fibers and the ground substance of their matrix

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macrophages

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originate as white blood cells; specialized to carry on phagocytosis; function as a scavenger and defensive cell that clears foreign particles from tissue

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collagenous fiber

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composed of collagen, tremendous tensile strength, found in tendons and ligaments

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elastic fiber

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composed of elastin protein; thin, branching fibers that form complex networks; branched, but lack tensile strength; found in the vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels

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reticular fiber

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very thin collagenous fibers that are highly branched and form delicate support networks

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areolar tissue

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delicate, thin membranes made mostly of fibroblasts

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adipose tissue

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connective tissue that develops when certain cells store fat in their cytoplasm

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dense fibrous connective tissue

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a densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers (proper)

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chondrocytes

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cartilage cells

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hyaline cartilage

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very fine collagenous fibers in its matrix; found on the ends of bones, soft part of nose, supporting rings of respiratory passages (specialized)

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elastic cartilage

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dense network of elastic fibers; provides framework for external ears and larynx (specialized)

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fibrocartilage

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very tough tissue with many collagenous fibers; shock absorber for vertebrae, knees, pelvic girdle (specialized)

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blood

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transports materials between interior body cells and those that exchange substances with the external environment (specialized)

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skeletal muscle tissue

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long, threadlike cells with light and dark striations and many nuclei located just below the cell membrane; found in muscles that attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious thought

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smooth muscle tissue

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spindle-shaped cells with a single, central nucleus that lack striations; actions are involuntary

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cardiac muscle tissue

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striated cells joined end-to-end at intercalated discs; found only in the heart

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nervous tissue

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tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

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neurons

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nerve cell; sense changes in their surroundings and respond by transmitting impulses along cytoplasmic extensions to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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Junctional Complex

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The point at which epithelial cells join to one another in very close proximity; gives epithelial tissue strength

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Tight Junctions

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fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes, found in tissues that cannot leak, such as the urinary bladder and digestive tract

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Desmosomes

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strong welded plaque or thickening, mechanical coupling formed by filaments that interlock with one another, Found in tissues that undergo repeated episodes of tension and stretching, such as the skin, heart, and uterus

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Hemidesmosomes

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link epithelial cells to the basement membrane

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Gap Junctions

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Linked by tubular channel proteins called connexons, found in intestinal epithelial cells, the heart, and smooth muscle tissue

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Microvilli

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Fingerlike projections that cover the epithelial cell, increase the surface area of the cell

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Cilia

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Tiny hairs that cover the free surface of the epithelial cell, found in the respiratory tract

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Mesothelium

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epithelium that lines the pleural (chest), pericardial (around the heart), and peritoneal (abdominal) cavities

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Endothelium

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epithelium that lines the blood and lymphatic vessels

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Absorptive cell

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apical surface is covered by microvilli that maximize absorption

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Goblet cell

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manufacture and store lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal surfaces of the epithelia

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Serous secretions

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watery and contain a high concentration of enzymes

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Mucous

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thick and viscous and are composed of glycoproteins

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Reticular Cells

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flat, star-shaped cells with long, out-reaching arms that touch other cells, forming netlike connections throughout the tissue; involved in the immune response; found in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

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Mast Cells

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oval cells that have large numbers of dark-staining granules, containing histamine and heparin, stored in the cytoplasm

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Macrophages (Kupffer Cells)

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in the liver

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Macrophages (Microglial Cells)

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in the brain

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Macrophages (Histiocytes)

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in loose connective tissue

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Reticular Connective Tissue

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Forms a network called a stroma which constitutes the framework of several organs

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

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Composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, found in tendons and ligaments (proper)

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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Composed of collagen fibers that are arranged in thick bundles, found in the dermis of the skin and in fibrous coverings of the kidney, testes, liver and spleen (proper)

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Elastic Connective Tissue

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Yellow fibers arranged in parallel or in an interwoven pattern with fibroblasts and collagenous fibers interspersed, in the spaces between vertebrae and in the walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder and areas of the heart (proper)

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Bone

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Hardest and most rigid connective tissue (specialized)

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Mucous membranes

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found lining the organs that have connections to the outside environment

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Serous membranes

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Line the walls and cover the organs that fill closed body cavities

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Parietal layer

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portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall

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Visceral layer

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portion of the membrane that covers the outer surfaces of the organs

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Cutaneous membranes

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skin

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Synovial membranes

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line the cavities of joints

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Inflammation

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initial response to injury, heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function

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First Intention Healing

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Skin forms a primary union without the formation of granulation tissue or significant scarring

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Second Intention Healing

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Occurs in wounds in which the edges are separated from one other, in which granulation tissue forms to close the gap, and in which scarring results

Tissues Vet. Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards

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