Theories of Personality FINAL – Flashcards
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Obtaining a complete understanding of human personality requires that
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we examine personality from several different perspectives.
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Researchers have found that programs designed to change the attributions made by aggression-prone children for the unintentional acts of others
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did not increase in aggressive behavior as they became older
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Among the personal factors cognitive psychologists consider when predicting aggressive behavior, which of the following is typically included
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Genetic predisposition to aggression
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In a study of boys in aggression-provoking situations, such as another student breaking the boy's radio while he is out of town, researchers found that boys with a history of reactive aggression
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all of the above
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Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of _____ than women.
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impersonal events
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Which of the following is true regarding the imitation of aggression
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People act in violent ways that may not have been shown in the stimulus
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Research comparing the memories of men and women tend to find that
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women recall more information about emotions, whereas men recall more nonemotional information
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Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad
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all of the above
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The cognitive approach to personality suggests that negative thoughts can
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cause depression
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When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of
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a negative cognitive style
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Which of the following is true about the cognitive processed that produce behavior
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cognitive theorists acknowledge that the situation often initiates behavior
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Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well-developed "independence" schema. Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics, participants with a strong independence schema
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took less time to answer
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According to Kelly, individual differences in personality can be traced to all of the following sources except one. Which one?
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The person's level of motivation to make sense out of the world.
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Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are
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most important to you
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Schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one?
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avoid stereotyping
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Which of the following was advocated by George Kelly?
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People are motivated to make sense out of all the stimuli that impinge on them.
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Which of the following is correct about cognitive-affective units?
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How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated.
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Jason is experiencing anxiety and adjustment problems with his new job. According to Kelly, this is probably because Jason
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has not yet developed constructs that will allow him to deal with the new people and situations he encounters.
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The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes
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there are three different representations of the self.
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Kelly presented a "man-as-scientist" conception of human personality, meaning that
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people constantly try to predict and control the events in their lives.
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Researchers investigating the observational learning of gender-role behaviors find that boys imitate male models instead of female models
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after they noticed that a certain behavior is performed more by one gender than the other.
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Operant conditioning affects gender-role behavior
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as early as the first few years of life.
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Research on academic achievement and locus of control typically finds
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internals perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.
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The traditional masculinity-femininity model for describing individual differences in gender-role behavior was based on the assumption that
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masculinity and femininity represent two end points on one continuum.
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Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games?
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Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.
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The androgyny model of gender-type divides people into how many different groups?
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four
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Which experimental finding does Bandura's social learning model have a difficult time explaining?
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The aggression displayed by participants is not always the same kind shown in the experimental film.
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Who among the following is likely high in unmitigated communion?
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all of these
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Which of the following has research found to be true of internals?
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all of these
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We would expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model if the model
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is punished for the aggressive behavior
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Children in one study observed a model acting aggressively against a Bobo doll. The children were then given an opportunity to imitate the model on their own, followed by an opportunity to demonstrate the aggressive acts for rewards. The study was designed to demonstrate
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the distinction between learning and performance.
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A person can learn a behavior without ever performing it. This concept is part of which approach to personality?
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Bandura's social-cognitive theory
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Which of the following is advocated by Bandura in his social-cognitive theory?
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Most behavior is performed in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments.
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Psychologists use shaping because of which limitation of operant conditioning?
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One must wait for the organism's response before it can be rewarded or punished.
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Colleen is trying to decide which of two events to enter in the school track meet. She thinks she would have a better chance of winning the 100-meter race, but decides to enter the 10,000-meter race instead. According to Rotter's theory,
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the reinforcement value of winning the 10,000-meter race is greater than the reinforcement value of winning the 100-meter race.
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The behavioral approach to personality postulates that personality is
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the consistent patterns of behavior we engage in.
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Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is different from Skinner's radical behaviorism in that radical behaviorism
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uses a one-way model in which external events cause behavior.
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After a new stimulus-response association is classically conditioned, it must be paired with the old stimulus occasionally or reinforced to avoid
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extinction
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Critics of behaviorism point out that
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there are limits on the usefulness and effectiveness of basic conditioning principles
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According to B. F. Skinner, we are mistaken when we look to inner causes for our actions because
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we have not identified the cause of behavior.
