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Founder of Person-Centered Therapy

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Carl Rogers

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What is Person-Centered Therapy and why was it created?

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A branch of humanistic psychology that stresses a phenomenological approach, person-centered therapy was developed in the 40's as a reaction against psychoanalytic therapy.

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What is the emphasis of Person-Centered Therapy?

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Emphasizes the client's resources for becoming self-aware and for resolving blocks to personal growth. It puts the client at the center of therapy.

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Philosophy of Person-Centered Therapy.

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The approach is grounded on a positive view of humanity that sees the person as innately striving toward becoming fully functional.

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Basic Assumptions of Person-Centered Therapy

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Therapist's attitudes and belief in the inner resources of the client that create the therapeutic climate for growth. The client brings change. By participating in the therapeutic relationship, the client's self-healing capacities are activated and they become empowered.

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Key Concepts of Person-Centered Therapy

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Clients have the resourcefulness for positive movement. The client has the capacity for resolving life's problems effectively without interpretation and direction from an expert therapist. Involves: being present in the moment, learning to accept oneself, and deciding on ways to change.

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What are the therapeutic goals of Person-Centered Therapy

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Provide a climate of safety and trust so that the client can become aware of blocks to growth.

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What is the aim of Person-Centered Therapy?

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Not merely to solve problems, but to assist in the growth process, which will enable the client to better cope with present and future problems.

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Describe the Therapeutic Relationship of Person-Centered Therapy

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Rogers emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcomes of therapy. The qualities of the therapist that determine the relationship include: genuineness, nonpossessive warmth, accurate empathy, unconditional acceptance of and respect for the client, caring and the communication of those attitudes to the client.

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Techniques of Person-Centered Therapy

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Techniques come second to the therapist/client relationship. It maximizes: active listening and hearing, empathetic understanding, presence, reflection of feelings and clarification. It minimizes: directive techniques, interpretation, questioning, probing, diagnosis, and collecting history.

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What does the therapist strive for in Person-Centered Therapy?

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to accurately understand the subjective world of the client; the focus of therapy is on clients' perceptions of reality.

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What did Natalie Rogers do with Person-Centered Therapy?

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She expanded her father's work and incorporated expressive arts as a medium to facilitate personal exploration.

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Does Person-Centered Therapy work in a multicultural setting?

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Yes, the concepts of this approach have value because the core therapeutic conditions are universal, regardless of an individual's cultural background. Grounded in a phenomenological approach.

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What makes Person-Centered Therapy different from other theories?

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It was one of the first therapies to break from traditional psychoanalysis, and stresses the active role and responsibility of the client. It is a positive and optimistic view and calls attention to the need to account for a person's inner and subjective experiences. It is relationship centered rather than technique centered.

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What are limitations of the Person-Centered Therapy?

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The role of the therapist is significant. The core conditions are centered more in the therapists' attitudes and values than in the therapist's skills. Without a person-centered attitude or way of being, mere application of the skills is not likely to be effective. Not an evidence based practice.

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Accurate empathic understanding

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The act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person's subjective world without losing one's own identity.

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Actualizing tendency

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A growth force within us; a directional process of striving toward self-regulation, self-determination, realization, fulfillment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basis on which people can be trusted to identify and resolve their own problems in a therapeutic relationship.

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Congruence

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The state in which self-experiences are accurately symbolized in the self-concept. As applied to the therapist, congruence is matching one's inner experiencing with external expressions; congruence is a quality of realness or genuineness of the therapist.

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Empathy

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A deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.

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Expressive arts therapy

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An approach that makes use of various arts -- such as movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisation in a supportive setting for the purpose of growth and healing.

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Humanistic psychology

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A movement, often referred to as the third force, that emphasizes freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization, becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play, humor, peak experiences, and psychological health.

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Immediacy

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Addressing what is going on between the client and therapist right now.

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Presence

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The ability to "be with" someone fully in the present moment; being engaged and absorbed in the relationship with the client.

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Therapeutic core conditions

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The necessary and sufficient characteristics of the therapeutic relationship for client change to occur. These core conditions include therapist congruence, unconditional positive regard and accurate empathic understanding.

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Third force in therapy

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An alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches; under this heading are the experiential and relationship-oriented therapies (existential, person-centered, Gestalt).

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Unconditional positive regard

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The nonjudgmental expression of fundamental respect for the person as a human; acceptance of a person's right to his or her feelings.

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True or False, Person-centered therapy is best described as completed and fixed "school" of model of therapy.

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False.

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True or False, Diagnosis of clients is seen as an important beginning point for therapy.

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False.

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True or False, A major contribution of this approach has been the willingness of Rogers to state his formulations as testable hypotheses and submit them to research.

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True.

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True or False, The person-centered approach to group counseling is based on the assumption that the group members have the resourcefulness for positive movement without the facilitator of the group assuming an active and directive role.

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True.

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True or False, Directive procedures are called for when clients feel that they are "stuck" in therapy.

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False.

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True or False, Natalie Rogers expanded on her father's theory of creativity using the expressive arts to enhance personal growth for individuals and groups.

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True.

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True or False, this approach holds that the direction of therapy is the primary responsibility of the client, not the therapist.

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True.

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True or False, A limitation of this approach is that it is a long-term process.

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False.

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True or False, methods of Natalie Rogers's expressive arts therapy are based on psychoanalytic concepts.

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False.

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True or False, Interpretations by the therapist typically tend to interfere with client growth, according to Rogers.

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True.

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In person-centered group counseling, the role of the counselor is best described as a ?

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Facilitator.

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Person-centered therapy is a form of what?

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Humanistic therapy

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Congruence refers to the therapists' what?

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genuineness

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In person-centered therapy, transference is?

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Not an essential or significant factor in the therapy process.

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Accurate empathic understanding refers to the therapist's ability to do what?

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Sense the inner world of the client's subjective experiences.

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What technique is most often used in the person-centered approach?

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Active listening and reflection.

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One strength of the person-centered approach is that?

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therapists have the latitude to develop their own counseling style.

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A limitation of the person-centered approach is a?

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tendency for practitioners to give support without challenging clients sufficiently.

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What 4 contributions did Rogers make?

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1) developing the humanistic movement in psychotherapy 2) pioneering research in the process and outcomes of therapy 3) fostering world peace 4) pioneering the encounter-group movement

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As a result of experiencing person-centered therapy, it is hypothesized that the client will move toward what?

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self-trust, an internal source of evaluation, being more open to experience, a willingness to continue growing.

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Unconditional positive regard refers to?

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Accepting clients as worthy persons.

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One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that?

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It is difficult to put into practice and a lack of proven techniques/strategies.

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The person-centered view of human nature is?

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1) each person has the ability to move forward in a constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are present. 2) people are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self understanding and direction.

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In person-centered therapy, assessment occurs?

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If used at all, prior to treatment. PCT considers assessment not useful, more concern about how the client assesses him or herself.

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What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?

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Focus on the person, not the problem. Clients have the capacity to define and clarify their own goals.

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In Carl Rogers's view, diagnosis is considered?

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Not useful, because it encourages an external and expert perspective on the client.

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The person-centered therapist is best described as a?

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congruent (genuine/real), unconditional positive regard, accurate empathetic understanding.

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Person-centered therapy is best described as?

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Phenomenological emphasis

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