The Urinary System (Ch. 9) – Flashcards
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kidneys combining forms
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nephr/o ren/o
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renal pelvis combining form
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pyel/o
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urine combining forms
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ur/o urin/o
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ureters combining form
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ureter/o
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urinary bladder combining form
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cyst/o
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urethra combining form
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urethr/o
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prostate combining form
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prostat/o
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urea
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major waste product of protein metabolism
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urine
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formed of waste products and excess fluids in the kidney; excreted via urinary bladder
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kidneys
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filter blood to remove waste products and excess water
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renal
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pertaining to the kidneys
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renal cortex
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outer region of the kidney; contains more than one million nephrons
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medulla
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inner region of the kidney; contains most of the urine-collecting tubules
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nephron
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microscopic functional units of a kidney; urine is produced here thru filtration, reabsorption and secretion
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glomerulus
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cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane (Bowman's capsule); part of the nephron
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renal tubule
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portion of the nephron containing the fluid filtered through the glomerulus
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renal artery
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vessel through which blood enters the kidney and flows into nephrons
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renal vein
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vessel through which blood leaves the kidney and returns to bloodstream after filtration
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renal pelvis
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funnel-shaped area inside the kidney surrounded by renal cortex and medulla; urine from nephrons collects here before flowing into ureters
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ureters
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narrow tubules which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder via peristalsis
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ureteral orifices
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openings in wall of urinary bladder through which urine drains from ureters into bladder
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urinary bladder
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oval, hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from body
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urethra
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tube from bladder to exterior of body
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urethral meatus
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external opening of the urethra
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female urethra
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1.5 in. long, between clitoris and vaginal opening
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male urethra
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8 in. long, located at tip of penis, carries both urine and semen
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prostate gland
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part of male reprod. system, surrounds urethra; disorders affect male's ability to urinate
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urination
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normal process of excreting urine (voiding/micturition)
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nephrologist
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physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the kidneys
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urologist
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specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system of females and genitourinary system of males
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nephropathy
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any disease of the kidney
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renal failure
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inability of one/both kidneys to perform their functions
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uremia
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toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products normally secreted are retained in the blood (uremic poisoning)
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acute renal failure (ARF)
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sudden onset, characterized by uremia; caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or sudden drop in blood volume or bp due to injury, burns, infection
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chronic kidney disease (CKD)
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aka chronic renal dz or renal failure; progressive loss of renal function over months or years; may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or Fhx of kidney dz
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end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
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final stage of CKD, fatal unless pt receives dialysis or a successful kidney transplant to replace lost renal function
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nephrotic syndrome
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(nephrosis) group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through urine; caused by damage to glomeruli; results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood
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edema
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excessive fluid accumulation (eyes, abdomen, legs and feet) in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney dz
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hyperproteinuria
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abnormally high protein levels in the urine
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hypoproteinemia
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abnormally low protein levels in the blood; often associated with hyperproteinuria
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hydronephrosis
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dilation of one/both kidneys; caused by backing up of urine due to an obstruction or a stricture in the ureter
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nephritis
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inflammation of the kidney; caused by toxins, infection, or autoimmune dz
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glomerulonephritis
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type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes RBCs and proteins to leak into the urine
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nephroptosis
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(floating kidney) prolapse of kidney into the pelvic area when the pt stands
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nephropyosis
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(pyonephrosis) suppuration of the kidney (formation of pus)
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polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
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genetic disorder characterized by growth of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys; reduce kidney function and lead to kidney failure
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renal colic
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acute pain in kidney area caused by blockage during passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone)
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Wilms tumor
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rare malignant tumor of kidney that occurs in young children
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stone
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(calculus) abnormal mineral deposit formed w/in body
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nephrolithiasis
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presence of stones in the kidney
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nephrolith
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kidney stone/renal calculus
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ureterolith
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stone located along the ureter
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cystolith
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stone located w/in the bladder
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hydroureter
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distention of the ureter w/ urine that cannot flow b/c ureter is blocked (always accompanies hydronephrosis)
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ureterectasis
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distention of a ureter
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ureterorrhagia
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discharge of blood from the ureter
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cystalgia
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pain in the bladder
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cystocele
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(prolapsed bladder) hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall; can result from pregnancy or childbirth
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interstitial cystitis
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chronic inflammation w/in bladder walls; similar symptoms but does not respond to treatment of cystitis
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neurogenic bladder
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urinary problem caused by interference w/ normal nerve pathways associated w/ urination; can result from tumor of nervous system, trauma, neuropathy, or inflammatory condition
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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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(benign prostatic hypertrophy/enlarged prostate) enlargement of prostate in men >50, causes urinary tract and urination problems for men
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prostatism
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disorder resulting form compression or obstruction of urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia; produces urinary difficulties and incontinence
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prostate cancer
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one of the most common cancers among men
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prostatitis
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group of disorders characterized by inflammation of prostate (chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, bacterial prostatitis)
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urethrorrhagia
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bleeding from the urethra
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urethrorrhea
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abnormal discharge from urethra; associated w/ some STDs
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urethrostenosis
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narrowing of the urethra; occurs in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury
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epispadias
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congenital abnormality of urethral opening (male- upper surface of penis; female- clitoris region)
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hypospadias
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congenital abnormality of urethral opening (male- underside of penis, female- into the vagina)
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
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begins in bladder and can affect all of urinary system; more common in women; caused by bacteria entering urinary system through the urethra
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cystitis
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inflammation of bladder
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pyelitis
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inflammation of renal pelvis
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection that spreads upward from bladder
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urethritis
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inflammation of urethra
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anuria
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absence of urine formation by the kidneys; caused by kidney failure or urinary tract obstruction
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diuresis
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increased output of urine
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dysuria
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difficult or painful urination; associated w/ UTIs
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enuresis
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involuntary discharge of urine
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nocturnal enuresis
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urinary incontinence during sleep (bedwetting)
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nocturia
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frequent and excessive urination during the night
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oliguria
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scanty urination caused by dehydration, renal failure, or urinary tract obstruction
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polyuria
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excessive urination; common symptom of diabetes
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urinary hesitancy
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difficulty in starting a urinary stream; common in older men w/ enlarged prostates
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urinary retention
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(ischuria) inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate; common in men w/ enlarged prostate
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incontinence
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inability to control excretion of urine, feces, or both
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urinary incontinence
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inability to control voiding of urine
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overflow incontinence
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continuous leaking from bladder b/c it is full or b/c it does not empty completely; caused by blocked urethra and common in older men w/ enlarged prostates
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stress incontinence
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inability to control voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing or coughing; more common in women
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overactive bladder (OAB)
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(urge incontinence) muscles of bladder contract involuntarily even though bladder is not full enough to indicate need to urinate; results in urinary frequency or accidental urination; common in adults >40; caused by excessive consumption of caffeine or alcohol, UTIs, neurological diseases, or bladder/prostate problems
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urinalysis
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examination of urine to determine presence of abnormal elements (to diagnose dz and detect presence of drugs)
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bladder ultrasound
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use of handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or elevation of bladder by enlarged prostate, and to measure residual amount of urine after urination
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urinary catheterization
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insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine when pt is unable to urinate, or to place medication into bladder
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cystoscopy
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visual examination of bladder w/ a cystoscope; used to remove tumors or reduce an enlarged prostate
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voiding cystourethrography
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diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from bladder and through the urethra; often performed after cystoscopy
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computer tomography
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(CAT scan) primary tool for evaluating urinary system b/c it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of abdomen, which may reveal other sources of pt's symptoms; nephrotomography= use of CAT scan to examine kidneys
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cystography
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radiographic examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
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radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters; contrast medium administered intravenously to define structures; used to diagnose changes in urinary tract from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors, and internal injuries after abd. trauma
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KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder)
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radiographic study w/o use of contrast medium; used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths (does not show ureters...)
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retrograde urography
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radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in urethra via catheter and is caused to flow upward through urinary tract
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digital rectal examination
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performed on men using a lubricated, gloved finger in rectum to palpate the prostate for enlargement and look for indications of tumors or cancer
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
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used to screen for prostate cancer; measures amount of PSA (protein produced by cells of prostate to liquefy semen) present in blood; higher PSA= cancer more likely
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diuretics
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medications administered to increase urine secretion to rid body of excess water and salt
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dialysis
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procedure to remove waste products and excess water from blood of a pt whose kidneys no longer function
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nephrolysis
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surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
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nephropexy
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surgical fixation of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney
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nephrostomy
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placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the renal pelvis to the exterior of the body
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pyeloplasty
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surgical repair of the ureter and renal pelvis
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pyelotomy
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surgical incision into the renal pelvis
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renal transplantation
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grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace recipient's failed kidneys
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percutaneous nephrolithotomy
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surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back; used if ESWL is not successful or if stone is very large
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ureterectomy
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surgical removal of a ureter
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ureteroplasty
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surgical repair of a ureter
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ureterrorhaphy
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surgical suturing of a ureter
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ureteroscopy
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treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter; ureteroscope inserted through urethra and bladder into the ureter; stone removed through the scope or broken up by laser then removed
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cystectomy
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surgical removal of the urinary bladder
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neobladder
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replacement for missing bladder created using 20 in. of small intestine; allows pt. to avoid abdominal stoma
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ileal conduit
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use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
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cystopexy
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surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
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cystorrhaphy
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surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
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lithotomy
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surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder
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indwelling catheter
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remains inside body for prolonged time based on need
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urethral catheterization
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performed by inserting a catheter (plastic tube) through the urethra and into the bladder
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Foley catheter
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most common type of indwelling catheter; made of flexible tube w/ a balloon filled w/ sterile water at the end to hold it in place
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intermittent catheter
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aka short-term; inserted as needed to drain urine from bladder
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meatotomy
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surgical incision in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
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urethropexy
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surgical fixation of the urethra to nearby tissue; performed to correct urinary stress incontinence
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urethrotomy
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surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
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ablation
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treatment for prostate cancer; removal of a body part or destruction of its function through surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods
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prostatectomy
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surgical removal of the prostate gland
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transurethral prostatectomy
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removal of excess tissue from enlarged prostate w/ a resectoscope
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retrograde ejaculation
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orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder (side effect of transurethral prostatectomy)
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Kegel exercises
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exercises to strengthen muscles of pelvic floor; used to control urinary stress incontinence, treat prostate pain and swelling, and condition women before childbirth
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bladder retraining
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behavioral therapy in which pt learns to urinate on a schedule, w/ increasingly longer time intervals as bladder increases capacity (to break urge incontinence)
