the Mongol empires
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who was chinggis khan?
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the universal ruler
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how did chinggis khan unify Mongol tribes?
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Through alliance and conquests
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the Mongol political organization
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â¢organized new military units and broke up tribal affiliations â¢chose high officials based in talent and loyalty â¢established capital at Karakoram
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what was the Mongols strategy?
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horsemanship, archers, mobility & psychological warfare
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Mongol conquest of northern china
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â¢Mongols raided the jurchen in north China beginning in 1211 â¢controlled north China by 1220 â¢south China was still ruled by Song Dynasty
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Mongol conquest of persia
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â¢1218 chinggis khan tried to open trade & diplomatic relations with the ruler of Persia â¢upon being rejected chinggis khan led force to peruse the khawarazm â¢Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities and qanat
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when did chinggis die? and what did he leave?
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in 1227; he laid the foundation for a mighty empire
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division of Mongol empires
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Heirs of chinggis khan divided into four regional empires
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Khubilai khan
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â¢chinggis khan's grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in China â¢promoted Buddhism, supported daoists, Muslims, and Christians
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conquest of southern china
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â¢Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China â¢unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan
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the Golden Horde
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â¢group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241 â¢further overran Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany, 1241-1242 â¢maintained hegemony in Russia until mid-fifteenth century
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ilkhanate of persia
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Khubilais brother, hulegu, captured Baghdad in 1258
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mongol rule in persia
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â¢Persians served as ministers, governors, and local officials â¢Mongols only cared about taxes and order â¢ilkhan ghazan converted to Islam, 1295
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Mongol rule in China
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â¢outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese â¢forbade Chinese from learning Mongol language â¢brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge â¢dismissed Confucian scholars â¢tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China
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where did Mongols establish diplomatic relations?
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Korea, Vietnam, India and europe
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causes of the collapse of the ilkhanate
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â¢In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues â¢failure of ilkhans paper money â¢factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership â¢the last ruler died without a heir
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causes of the decline of the yuan dynasty
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â¢paper money issued by the Mongol rulers list value â¢power struggles, assassinations, and civil war weakened Mongols after 1320s
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Bubonic plague in southwest China in 1330s
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â¢spread through Asia and Europe â¢depopulation and labor shortage â¢by 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols back to the steppes
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surviving Mongol khanates
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â¢the khanate of chaghatai continued in Central Asia â¢the Golden Horde survived until the mid-sixteenth century
