The Genetic Basis of Cancer/DNA Applications – Flashcards
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Oncogene
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a gene that causes cancer "tumor gene"
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Proto-oncogene
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a normal gene w/ the potential to become a oncogene
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Growth factors
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proteins that stimulate cell division
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Tumor-suppressor Genes
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changes in genes whose products inhibit cell division; help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
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Carcinogens
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cancer causing agents found in the environment
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DNA profiling
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the analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they come from the same individual
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Biotechnology
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the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
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DNA Technology
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methods for studying and manipulating genetic material
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Recombinant DNA
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a molecule containing DNA from two different sources, often different species
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Genetically Modified (GM) Organisms
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organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means
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Transgenic Organism
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an organism that contains genes from another organism, typically of other cells.
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Plasmids
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small, circular DNA molecules that replicate (duplicate) separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome
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Gene Cloning
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the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA
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Vectors
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gene carriers
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Clone
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a group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell
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Forensics
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the scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal proceedings
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Genetic Markers
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sequences in the genome that vary from person to person
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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a technique by which a specific segment of DNA can be targeted and copied quickly and precisely
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Genetic Engineering
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the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
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DNA Profiling
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A procedure that analyzes an individual's unique collection of genetic markers using PCR and gel electrophoresis
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Repetitive DNA
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Nucleotide sequences that are present in many copies in the DNA of a genome. The repeated sequences may be long or short and may be located next to each other or dispersed in the DNA
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Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
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DNA consisting of tandem (in a row) repeats of a short sequence of nucleotides
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STR Analysis
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a method of DNA profiling that compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific sites in the genome
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Electrophoresis
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the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field
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Human Gene Therapy
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A recombinant DNA procedure intended to treat disease by altering an afflicted person's genes
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Systematics
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A discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
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Taxonomy
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The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species
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Binomial
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A two-part latinized name of species; example: Homo sapiens
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Genus
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Phylogenetic Trees
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Convergent Evolution
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Adaptive change resulting in non-homologous (analogous) similarities among organisms. Species from different evolutionary lineages come to resemble each other as a result in living in very similar environments
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Analogy
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The similarity of structure b/w two species that are not closely related, attributable to convergent evolution
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Cladistics
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The study of evolutionary history; specifically, the scientific search for clades, taxonomic groups composed of an ancestral species and all its descendants
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Three-Domain System
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A system of taxonomic classification based on three basic groups: Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya
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Spontaneous Generation
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The incorrect notion that life can emerge from nonliving matter
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Biogenesis
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The principle that all life arises by the reproduction of preexisting life
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Binary Fission
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A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two individuals of about equal cell
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Endospore
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A thick-coated, protective cell produced within a prokaryotic cell exposed to harsh conditions
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Pathogens
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A disease causing virus or organism
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Exotoxins
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A poisonous protein secreted by certain bacteria
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Endotoxins
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A poisonous component of the outer membrane of certain bacteria.
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Bioremediation
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The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
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Protozoans
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Flagellates
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A protist that moves by means of one or more flagellum
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Pseudopodia
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Amoebas
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A type of protist characterized by great structural flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia
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Forams
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A marine protozoan that secretes a shell and extends pseudopdia through pores in its shell
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Apicomplexans
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a type of parasitic protozoan. Some cause serious human diseases.
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Ciliates
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Algae
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describes a
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Dinoflagellate
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Plankton
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Diatoms
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Green Algae
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Seaweeds
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Symbiosis
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Shoots
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Roots
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Mycorrhizae
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Stomata
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Cuticle
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Lignin
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Vascular Tissue
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Xylem
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Phloem
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Gametangia
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Charophytes
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Bryophytes
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Mosses
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Ferns
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Gymnosperms
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Conifers
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Angiosperms
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Flower
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Sepals
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Petals
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Stamen
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Filament
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Anther
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Carpel
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Stigma
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Ovary
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Double Fertilization
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Endosperm
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Fruit
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Fungi
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Absorption
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Hyphae
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Mycelium
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Animals
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Blastula
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Gastrula
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Larva
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Metamorphosis
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Radial Symmetry
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Body Cavity
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Pseudocoelom
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Coelom
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Invertebrates
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Sponges
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Cnidarians
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Gastrovascular Cavity
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Polyp
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Medusa
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Radula
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Molluscs
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Mantle
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Gastropods
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Bivalves
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Cephalopods
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Flatworms
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Annelids
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Body Segmentation
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Complete Digestive Tract
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Earthworms
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Polychaetes
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Leeches
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Roundworms
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Nematodes
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Arthropods
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Exoskeleton
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Arachnids
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Crustaceans
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Millipedes
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Centipedes
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Insects
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Endoskeleton
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Water Vascular System
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Chordates
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Dorsal
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Hollow Nerve Cord
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Notochord
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Pharyngeal Slits
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Post-Anal Tail
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Vertebrates
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Cartilaginous Fishes
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Lateral Line System
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Bony Fishes
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Operculum
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Swim Bladder
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Ray-Finned Fishes
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Lobe-Finned Fishes
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Lungfishes
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Amphibians
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Tetrapods
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Amniotes
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Amniotic Egg
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Reptiles
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Ectotherms
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Birds
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Mammals
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Monotremes
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Placenta
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Marsupials
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Eutherians
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Placental Mammals
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