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"Between You and I" is wrong, "You and I were meant to fly" is correct

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You and I/Me

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Fewer is used when you can count the objects, less is used when you can't

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Less and Fewer

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Whom is an objective pronoun (An objective pronoun acts as the object of a sentence—it receives the action of the verb. The objective pronouns are her, him, it, me, them, us, and you); it should be used to refer to the object of a sentence. If you're stuck, you can try this formula: if the pronoun can be replaced by he or she, then use who. if the pronoun can be replaced by him or her, then use whom (you can also look for the preposition).

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Who and Whom

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That uses a restrictive clause "gems that sparkle" or "dogs that bark scare me" while Which uses a nonrestrictive clause "diamonds, which are expensive, often elicit forgiveness" or "dogs, which make great pets, can be expensive".

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That and Which

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When not only is followed by but also (or simply but), it's considered good form to make sure the parts that follow each set of words are formatted the same way - and you also need to put words like "know" before "not only".

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Not Only and But Also

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a word or expression that cannot be translated word for word in another language, such as "I am running low on gas" and is associated with a particular ethnic, age, socioeconomic, or professional group

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idiom

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to hint at something

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imply

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to make an educated guess

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infer

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First: I, We, Me, Us, Ours Second: You, Yours Third: He, She, Its

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First, Second, and Third Person

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refers to the author's choice of words, expressions, and style to convey his or her meaning also means the right word in the right spot for the right purpose

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Diction

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1)Argument/Persuasion 2)Narrative 3)Exposition- explaining information 4)Description

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Discourse

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AABB and known for them are Chaucer, Ben Johnson, Dryden, and especially Alexander Pope

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Heroic Couplet

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a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels

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Parable

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the literary and artistic narrative technique of relating a story from the midpoint, rather than the beginning

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In medias res

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programs or projects are typically assessed during their development or early implementation to provide information about how best to revise and modify for improvement, students need numerous experiences of evaluation through the entire project/work

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Formative Assessment/Evaluation

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programs or projects are assessed at the end of an operating cycle, and findings typically are used to help decide whether a program should be adopted, continued, or modified for improvement

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Summative Assessment/Evaluation

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assesses a piece of the writing as a whole, usually a paper is first read quickly to get a general impression

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Holistic Evaluation

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Represented by Sartre, it is a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will

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Existentialism

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led by Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell, rejected nineteenth-century poetry and were looking for clarity and exactness, the poems were usually short and built around a single image

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Imagism

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a movement started by French writers Jules and Edmond de Goncourt with their novel Germinie Lacerteaux (1865) but its real leader is Emile Zola who wanted to bring a "slice of life" to his readers, the most important novelist in English is Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie)

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Naturalism

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a philosophical doctrine according to which there is no absolute truth, William James

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Pragmatism

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a philosophy according to which God is omnipresent in the world, God is everything and everything is God

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Pantheism

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one of the most important movements in American art, began in the 40's with artist such as Koonin, Rothko, and Gorky, the paintings are usually large and nonrepresentational

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Abstract Expressionism

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Birth-2 builds an understanding through the environment and learns by trying things again and again to get the same response 3-6 needs concrete physical situations and is egocentric 7-11 begin to apply logic to concrete things and experiences, they can solve problems and have moral values 12-15 years old begin thinking beyond the immediate and obvious and begin to theorize, they can see the past and history more realistically and can relate to people from the past

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Piaget's Learning Theory Stages

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Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review - scan the book as a whole, formulate questions, read the book, answer questions, and review main ideas and significant information

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SQ3R Method

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A story in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices. An allegory has two meanings: symbolic and literal. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress is the most renowned of this genre.

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Allegory

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An "in medias res" story told or sung, usually in verse, and accompanied by music. Coleridge's masterpiece, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."

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Ballad

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A letter that was not always intended for public distribution, but due to the fame of the sender and/or recipient, becomes widely known. Paul wrote epistles that were later placed in the Bible.

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Epistle

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a fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, mythical creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized and that illustrates or leads to an interpretation of a moral lesson.

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Fable

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It is a traditional narrative often focusing on a specific location or specific historical figure. Like the myth, a legend often provides an etiological narrative, and it often fills in gaps in historical records. Unlike myths, legends usually do not involve powerful gods or world-altering supernatural events--though they can to a small degree.

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Legend

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Storied that are more or less universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions.

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Myth

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The longest form of fictional prose, have the most complex plots. Some of the great novelests include Austen, the Brontes, Twain, Tolstoy, Hugo, Hardy, Dickens, Hawthorne, Foster and Flauben.

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Novel

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14 lines (octave: a b b a a b b a) and (sestet: c d e c e d or similar)

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Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet

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14 lines composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern: abab cdcd efef gg

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Shakespearean/Elizabethan Sonnet

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14 lines: a b a b , b c b c , c d c d , e e

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Spenserian Sonnet

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eight-line stanza with a rhyme scheme of: abab abcc

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Octavia Rima

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a literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. In poetry and prose, it has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter); where, unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones and five of which are stressed but do not rhyme. It is also known as un-rhymed iambic pentameter. (In Paradise Lost)

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Blank Verse

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Intro - conflict development - climax - resolution

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Dramatic Arc

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conflicting or directly opposite ideas expressed near one another within the same sentence, such as "Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind."

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Antithesis

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A focused, succinct expression about life from a sagacious viewpoint. It is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral and literary principles. "Whatever is begun in anger ends in shame."

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Aphorism

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An address to an absent or dead character, an abstract idea, or an inanimate object.

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Apostrophe

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A pause, usually signaled py punctuation, in a line of poetry. The earliest usage occurs in Beowulf.

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Caesura

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A comparison, usually in verse, between seemingly disparate objects or concepts. A figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors.

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Conceit

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A meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations. Can be an emotional meaning, and can be the opposite of literal.

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Connotation

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The repeated usage of similar consonant sounds, most often used in poetry. Further, this device needs to be distinguished from alliteration. In contrast to alliteration, this involves repetition of consonant sounds only.

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Consonance

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Literal or dictionary meaning

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Denotation

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background information about characters meant to clarify and add to the narrative or the initial plot element that precedes the buildup of conflict

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Exposition

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Poetry that does not have any predictable meter or patterning.

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Free Verse

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Exaggeration

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Hyperbole

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Two elements in a set five-foot line of poetry. An iamb is two syllables, unaccented and accented, per foot or measure. Pentameter means five feet of these iambs per line, or 10 syllables.

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Iambic Pentameter

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An atypical sentence order to create a given effect or interest. (Like how Yoda speaks)

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Inversion

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Another way to describe a person, place, or thing so as to avoid prosaic repetition. Also called a riddle that consists of a few lines of ______s which describe someone or something in confusing detail. It is also described as a compressed metaphor that means meanings illustrated in a few words. For example, a two-word phrase "whale-road" represents the sea.

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Kenning

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Verse characterized by ingenious wit, unparalleled imagery, and clever conceits. The greatest poet in this category is John Donne.

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Metaphysical Poetry

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Use of an object or idea closely identified with another object or idea to represent the second. The suits were at meeting. (The suits stand for business people.) Hit the books. (Means go study.) Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)

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Metonymy

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A key, often repeated phrase, name, or idea in a literary work.

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Motif

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A specific 8-line stanza of poetry whose rhyme scheme is abab abcc Lord Byron's "Don Juan"

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Octavia rima

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A seemingly contradiction that is nevertheless true.

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Paradox

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A type of close repetition of clauses or phrases that emphasize key topics or ideas in writing

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Parallelism

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Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects or concepts.

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Personification

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A poetic stanza composed of 4 lines. A Shakespearean or Elizabethan Sonnet is made up of three of these and ends with a heroic couplet.

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Quatrain

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A popular literary device often used in drama to reveal the innermost thoughts of a character. It is a great technique used to convey the progress of action of the play by means of expressing a character's thoughts about a certain character or past, present or upcoming event while talking to himself without acknowledging the presence of any other person. Found in Hamlet

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Soliloquy

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Invented by Sir Edmund Spenser for usage in The Faerie Queene, his epic poem honoring Queen Elizabeth I. Each stanza consists of 9 lines, 8 in iambic pentameter. The 9th line, called an alexandrine, has two extra syllables or one additional foot.

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Spenserian Stanza

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A series of poetic stanzas utilizing the recurrent rhyme scheme of aba, bcb, ded, and so forth. The second-generation Romantic poets used this- Keats, Byron, Shelley, and Yeats.

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Terza Rima

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Writing of genius, keenness, and sagacity expressed through clever use of language. Alexander Pope

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Wit

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Mayflower Compact, William Bradford: relate the hardships of crossing the Atlantic, the misery and suffering of the first winter, contact with Native Americans, and establishment of the Bay Colony of Massachusetts. Poetry by Anne Bradstreet: colonial New England life The History of the Dividing Line, William Byrd: concerning his trek into Carolinian swamps

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Colonial Literature

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Speech of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Patrick Henry: "give me liberty or give me death" speech Farewell to the Army of the Potomac, George Washington's speech

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Revolutionary Period Literature

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Nathaniel Hawthorne...... Children stories: "Cricket on the Hearth" Dark, Brooding Stories: "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment," "The Devil and Tom Walker", and "Rappaccini's Daughter" "The Scarlet Letter" & "The House of the Seven Gables" both focus on loneliness, secrets, societal parties, love, and ultimately triumphing over horrible wrong. Herman Melville...... "Moby Dick" and "Billy Budd" both are at sea, yet the latter shows sacrifice for the greater good. Edgar Allan Poe...... Themes: regional, specific, and American, yet sharing insights about human foibles, fears, loves, doubts, and triumphs.

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Romantic Period Literature

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(Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two Transcendentalism authors) Transcendentalism was based largely on the idea that God is an internal force and that, as His creations, every person and everything has within it a divine spark or an "inner light." The ultimate goal of the human experience, therefore, was to connect to that inner light, and therefore to the so-called "Over-Soul"—that part of God which unifies all living things. Romanticism, on the other hand, had comparatively less to do with God. God, when mentioned, was seen as an external force as opposed to a divine spark within human nature.

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Romantacism vs Transcendentalism

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Walt Whitman- during the civil war Emily Dickinson- attention to nature's details Mark Twain- examines taboo subjects

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Realism

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Eugene O'Neill- Long Day's Journey Into Night, Mourning Becomes Electra, and Desire Under the Elms Arthur Miller- The Crucible, All My Sons, and Death of a Salesman Tennessee Williams- Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Glass Menagerie, and A Street Car Named Desiree Edward Albee- Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Three Tall Women, and A Delicate Balance

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Contemporary American Literature: American Drama

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John Updike (realist)- Rabbit Run, Rabbit Redux Sinclair Lewis- Babbit, Elmer Gantry F. Scott Fitzgerald (paradigmatic) - The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night Ernest Hemingway- A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls William Faulkner- The sound, The Fury, Absalom, Absalom! Bernard Malamud- The Fixer, The Natural

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Contemporary American Literature: American Fiction

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First epic piece- Beowulf

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British Literature- Anglo Saxon

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Geoffrey Chaucer: the father of English Literature, wrote the Canterbury Tales Thomas Malory: Le Morte d'Arthur (chivilric imagination)

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British Literature- Medieval

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The most important period because it is synonymous with William Shakespeare, began with importing the Italian Sonnet into England. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, 39 plays, and two long narrative poems.

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British Literature- Renaissance and Elizabethan

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John Milton- Paradise Lost, Areopagitica, Samson Agonistes focuses on Social Commentary and Neoclassicism Jacobean Age gave us John Donne's metaphysical sonnets and his versions of sermons and homilies.

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British Literature- Seventeenth Century

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A time of diversity of expression, neoclassicism became the preferred writing style. Alexander Pope

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British Literature- Eighteenth Century

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An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. The major themes dealt with homage to nature. First Generation Romantics- William Wordsworth and Samual Taylor Coleridge (Witty, Self-Depricating Second Generation- George Gordon, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats Others: Charles Lamb, Jane Austin, and Charlotte and Emily Bronte (Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights)

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Romantic Period

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Oscar Wilde- satire Robert and Elizabeth Browning- long poetic narratives about love Gerard Manley Hopkins- a Catholic priest who was against materialism so he produced earnest, quasi-religious works Robert Louis Stevenson, the great Scottish Novelist, wrote his adventure/history books for young adults.

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Nineteenth Century/Victorian Period

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Too many to list, but some major novelists were Joseph Conrad, E. M. Foster, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, Graham Greene, George Orwell, and D. H. Lawrence Poets include W. H. Auden, Robert Graves, T. S. Eliot, Edith Sitwell, Stephen Spencer, Dylan Thomas, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes, Hugh MacDarmid

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Twentieth Century

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Crime and Punishment The Brothers Karamazov (Psychological Realism)

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Fyodor Distoyevsky's Work

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War and Peace (Psychological Realism)

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Count Leo Tolstoy's Work

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Poems that are an integral part of the worldview of people, in many cases they were originally oral texts that were eventually written down. Examples: Soundiata, an African epic Tunkashila, a Native American epic Gigamesh, the oldest known epic from Mesopotamia Aeneid, a Roman epic Moby-Dick, an American Folk epic

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World Folk Epics

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an inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation's past, often overdramatize true events, omit important historical details, or add details that have no evidence i.e. Paul Bunyan, The Legend of King Arthur, The Pilgrims and the Mayflower, Pochahontas, George Washington's life and quotes

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National Myth

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