question

schemata

answer

clusters of ideas about objects, places, and events.

question

anaphora

answer

the use of one word in place of another word.

question

narrative texts

answer

those that relate a story or sequence of events

question

expository texts

answer

texts that provide factual information and explanations.

question

Directed Reading Activity (DRA)

answer

teacher activates and develops schemata by linking the topic of the text to students' own experiences or finding ways to get students interested in an unfamilar topic. (a teacher directed activity)

question

K-W-L teaching model

answer

K- What I know. W- What I want to know. L- What I learned. Relies on metacognition.

question

metacognition

answer

awareness of mental contents and processes. If "cognition" refers to thinking, then "metacognition" refers to thinking about thinking.

question

literal comprehension

answer

refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage. (main idea, sequence of events, knowlege of vocabulary)

question

inferential comprehension

answer

understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but rather implied in a written passage. (make predictions)

question

evaluative comprehension

answer

ablility to use critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and aesthetic considerations to evaluate a text.

question

semantic

answer

meanings of words and phrases

question

syntax

answer

structure of a phrase or sentence.

question

pragmatics

answer

rules for effective connunication in different contexts.

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reading readiness skills

answer

alphabetic knowledge

question

emergent literacy

answer

childeren's beliefs about and experiences with reading and writing prior to formal instruction.

question

print awareness

answer

understanding the nature of print, the function it serves, and the conventions governing its use. (Allows children to distinguish between words and other forms of representation.)

question

environmental print

answer

written text that's observable in one's surroundings, such as signs, labels, stickers, billboards, and brand names.

question

choral reading

answer

takes place when a group of students or an entire class reads out loud.

question

guided reading

answer

teacher explains the purpose for reading a particular text as well as the structure for how to respond to what is read.

question

fluent reading

answer

ability to read quickly, accurately, smoothly, and with expression. (ability to make use of prosodic cues) (is a dimension of oral reading)

question

prosody

answer

refers to the pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm of language. (the meaning of a written sentence, punctuation)

question

intonation

answer

patterns of pitch that contribute to the meanings of phrases and sentences.

question

pre-reading stage

answer

alphabetic and graphophonemic knowledge, may be in the process of learning word-analysis skills, but they don't yet have ability to read unfamiliar words.

question

initial reading stage

answer

sound out many of the words they read through phonic analysis. (Also known as the decoding stage because they focus on decoding of individual words.)

question

fluency stage

answer

Children become more familiar with written language, and their decoding becomes more automatic as a result of lerning more sight words.

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reading to learn stage

answer

attention is focused primarily on content rather than the act of reading itself.

question

repeated reading

answer

Method in which children reread a short, meaningful passage until a degree of fluency is achieved.

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oral recitation lessons (ORL)

answer

kind of repeated reading activity exercise based on interactions between teacher and students.

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partner reading

answer

(paired reading) requires students to work in pairs and students take turns reading a passage.

question

sielnt reading

answer

contributes to fluency by allowing children to familiarize themselves with key vocabulary, so that oral reading of the same passage can be based on a higher proportion of sight words. (SSR, Sustained Silent Reading or DEAR, Drop everything and read)

question

self-correction and feedback

answer

contribute to greater fluency. (Important for Teachers to help students maintain positive attitude.)

question

content literacy

answer

used to describe the ability to use written texts as sources of information about a given topic or area.

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SQ3R method

answer

is a student-directed approach in which students are taught five steps for studing content-area and expository texts: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, & Review.

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picture graphs

answer

illustrate quantities

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bar graphs

answer

use horizontal or vertical bars to contrast quantities

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line graphs

answer

show changes in quantity and other variables over time

question

pie charts

answer

show part-whole relationships

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graphic organizer

answer

visual representation of textual content.

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miscues

answer

cases in which a student reads a word that is different from the one that is printed.

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running records

answer

used to track students' reading progress

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Independent Reading Level

answer

student pronounces 95% or more of words correctly and shows more thatn 90% accuracy in response to comprehension questions.

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Instrudctional Reading Level

answer

student pronounces 90-94% of the words correctly & 70-89% of the questions correctly.

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Frustration Reading Level

answer

student pronounces less than 50% of the words correctly and answers less than 70% questions correctly.

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tangrams

answer

suitable for the student who needs the tactile experience with the triangle.

question

geoboards

answer

provide tactile experience of creating right triangles. (a block of wood with rectangular array of pins. Pins are used to hold rubber bands or geobands in place. They are used to form triangles or other polygons.) (useful for demonsrating congurence and similarity.

question

visual discrimination

answer

ability to compare and contrast objects

question

5 stages of learning geometry:

answer

visualization-recognize and name figures; analysis- describe figures and objects; informal deduction- classification of figures and objects. (These are noticeable during elementary school.); deduction- involves writing proofs from definitions; rigor- work in several geometrical systems.

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translation

answer

sliding motions

question

rotations

answer

turning motions

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reflections

answer

flipping motions

question

dilations

answer

expansions

question

contractions

answer

reductions

question

similar figures

answer

have same shape

question

congruent figures

answer

have exactly the same size

question

symmetry

answer

occurs when perfect matching occurs

question

attribute blocks

answer

ideal for working on congruence and similarity.

question

counting bars

answer

illustrats congruence and similarity

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tessellations

answer

tiling patterns, are repeating a shape in a systematic pattern in order to completely fill a space.

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circle graphs, or pie charts

answer

represent the relationship that each part has to be whole.

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mathematical probability

answer

based upon chance: the likelihood of an event occurring

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historical probality

answer

based upon data accumulation over time

question

A fractions is used to represent probability:

answer

# of times the successful event occures/ # of attemps that wer made

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mean

answer

average of the values

question

median

answer

middle value in the set

question

mode

answer

value that occurs most frequently

question

range

answer

found by subtracting the smallest value in the data set from the largest value in that set

question

outlier

answer

data value that is far from the other values in that particular set

question

hsitory

answer

study of the material record of the past

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1519:

answer

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda explores and maps the Texas coastline.

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1528:

answer

Cabeza de Vaca is among the first Europeans to explore the Texas interior

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1682:

answer

Corpus Christi de la Isleta, the first of many Spanish missions, is established near El Paso.

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1821:

answer

Mexico gains independence from Spain.

question

1821:

answer

Stephen F. Austin establishes the first Anglo-American colony, the Old Three Hundred

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1830:

answer

Mexico forbids the entry of further U.S. Settlers into Texas

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1835:

answer

The struggle for the Independence of Texas begins with the Battle of Gonzales.

question

1836:

answer

The Texas Declaration of Independence is created and signed

question

1836:

answer

At the Battle of the Alamo, losses include David Crockett, im Bowie, William Travis

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1836:

answer

Santa Anna is routed by General Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto

question

1836:

answer

Sam Houston is elected first president of the Republic of Texas

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1839:

answer

The Texas Congress meets for the first time in Austin, the new capital of the Republic

question

1845:

answer

Texas is admitted to the Union as the 28th state

question

1846:

answer

The Mexican-American War is fought over claims to the southern boundary of Texas

question

1846:

answer

The current Lone Star flag is flown for the first time

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1850:

answer

In the compormise of 1850, Texas relinquishes territory and acquires its present shape

question

1861:

answer

Texas secedes from the Union and joins the Confederacy

question

1870:

answer

Texas rejoins the Union

question

1876:

answer

The current Texas State Constitution is ratified

question

1901:

answer

Oil is discoverd at the Spindletop oil field, initiating the modern petroleum industry.

question

Coahuiltecans

answer

On the Coastal Plains, hunters and gatherers who lived in huts but often moved in search of food.

question

Karankawas

answer

Along the Texas coast, lived in family groups and had a nomadic lifestyle.

question

Trans-Pecos

answer

lived in rock shelters, built houses that were relatively permanent in desert climate where they lived. Were farmers, but also fished and hunted

question

Caddos

answer

Coastal Plains, Main crop was corn, but grew other crops,were Hunters and fishers, built houses that were relatively permanent- built of cedar frames, worshiped in large wooden temples , The Caddo word for friends or allies is Tejas which is where the name of our state is derived.

question

Tonkawas

answer

monadic buffalo hunters and gatherers who lived in central texas

question

Age of Exploration

answer

The 15th & 16th centuries

question

Alonso Alvarez de pineda

answer

sailed along the Gulf coast in 1519 in search of a strait to the pacific ocean.

question

1903:

answer

The Wright Brothers make the first powered flight

question

1906:

answer

William DeForest invents the vacuum tube

question

1908:

answer

Henry Ford begins mass production of the automobile

question

1920:

answer

KDKA-Pittsburgh become the first commerical radio station on air

question

1922:

answer

Insulin is created by Canadian researchers

question

1927:

answer

The first successful television transmission takes place in New York

question

1928:

answer

Alexander Fleming dicovers penicillin

question

1932:

answer

Wallace Carothers invents nylon

question

1935:

answer

Radar is developed by Robert Watson- Watt

question

1936:

answer

Significant oil fields are discoverd in Saudi Arabia

question

1947:

answer

Researchers as Bell Labs invent the transistor

question

primary sources

answer

information consist of actual records, first-hand accounts of events and experiences.

question

Secondary sources

answer

information consist of descriptions and explanations that are created after a historical event has already taken place

question

Geography

answer

the study of the earth and its inhabitants

question

physical geography

answer

concerns the physical environments of the earth

question

cultural geography

answer

focuses on the relationships between people and their physical environments.

question

tectonics

answer

branch of geology that concerns the structure of the earth's crust, as well as changes that take place in the crust over time as a result of folding and faulting.

question

plate tectonics

answer

earth's crust consists of about 20 plates that drifts, collide, and separate over long periods of time.

question

continental drift

answer

change in the positions of continents over long periods of time

question

sea-floor spreading

answer

the creation and movement of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges

question

weathering

answer

breaking down of physical material

question

erosion

answer

breaking down and removal of physical material

question

accelerated erosion

answer

constitues a major source of topographic change

question

meteorology

answer

branch of earth science that concerns climate, weather, and earth's atmosphere more generally.

question

six flags over Texas

answer

refers to the fact that flags of six governments have flown over Texas. These are Spain, France, Mexico, Republic of Texas, The Confederate States of America, and the United States of America.

question

Mother of Texas

answer

Jane Long- because she reputed to have been the first Anglo to bear a child in Texas.

question

Ma Ferguson

answer

first of two women to serve as governor of Texas

question

Barbara Jordan

answer

first African-American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives in 1973.

question

outline maps

answer

maps that contain outlines of geographic regions, such as states, without additional detail

question

relief maps

answer

maps that contain raised features repreenting the topography of a region

question

puzzle maps

answer

maps that the tecacher cuts into shapes for students to reassemble

question

topographic maps

answer

maps that use different colors and symbols to represent various geographic characteristics

question

civics

answer

study of how society maintains order through government institutions and the political process.

question

mean

answer

average of a set of continuous data

question

median

answer

middle point in a set of continuous data

question

mode

answer

the most frequently observed number in a set of continuous data

question

hue

answer

name of the color

question

value

answer

lightness or darkness of the color

question

intensity

answer

brightness or dullness of the color

question

texture

answer

visual or actual feel of the surface

question

shape

answer

two-dimensional area difined by lines, colors, or values.

question

form

answer

three-dimensional quality of objects: depth, height, and width

question

line

answer

mark made by a tool moving across a surface

question

space

answer

area that surrounds shapes and forms

question

dynamics

answer

how loud or soft music is played or sung

question

tempo

answer

how fast or slow music is played or sung

question

melody

answer

tune of a song or piece

question

pitch

answer

relates to the exact placement of a note on the staff

question

haromny

answer

accompainment of a song

question

rhythm

answer

analogous to how the syllables in a sentence sound

question

health-related fitness

answer

promote for the development of better health now and in the future

question

phonemes

answer

sounds

question

semantics

answer

meaning

question

syntax

answer

way put together

question

pragmatics

answer

how are you putting it together? fuctioning to solve a problem

question

phonics

answer

associating letters w/ sounds

question

TPRI

answer

Texas primary reading inventory (2 or 3 times a year)

question

diagraph "The H brothers"

answer

sh- quiet brother, wh- whisler brother, ch- train brother, th-nasty brother

question

dipthongs

answer

two vowels to make another sound, oe in "shoe"

question

First Spanish missions were established to?

answer

Strenghten Spains claim

question

phoneme

answer

smallest unit of sound

question

receptive language

answer

ability to understand what is being said

question

morphemes

answer

samllest meaningful components of words

question

one meter is equal to

answer

100cm

question

one inch is equal to

answer

2.54cm

question

Anna Mary "Grandma" Moses

answer

American artist

question

Helen Keller

answer

American writer

question

Salvador Dali

answer

Spanish surrealist painter

question

Pablo Picasso

answer

Spanish painter and sculptor

question

Inquiry teaching

answer

when teachers ask and then help students answer questions by propsing hypotheses, gathering and evaluating data, and generating conclusions. This promotes an understanding of the scientific method.

question

phoneme manipulation

answer

working with phonemes in words; includes working with onsets and rimes, deleting phonemes from words, adding phonemes to words, substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word, blending phonemes to make words, and segmenting words into phonemes.

question

blending

answer

combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words.

question

segmenting

answer

breaking words into individual phonemes, breaking words into syllables, or breaking syllables into onsets and rimes.

question

The main feature of a systematic and explicit phonics program is:

answer

the direct teaching of a set of leeter-sound relationships in a clearly defined sequence.

question

Readers' Theatre

answer

a reading activity in which students rehearse and perform a play whose script is derived from a dialogue- rich book; promotes reading fluency and cooperative interaction with peers.

question

A balanced reading program consists of...

answer

explicit, systematic phonics instruction with meaningful, connected reading of informative, engaging text. It includes five main areas of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text domprehension.

question

Alphabetic knowlege

answer

knowledge of letter names and shapes; acquired in a sequence that begins with letter names, then letter shapes, and finally letter sounds. Instruction should be informal, but planned, and should include activities in which children have many opportunities to see, play with, and compare letters and learn to identify, name and write both upper case and lower case versions of the letters.

question

Phonological awareness

answer

an awareness of an the ability to manipulate the sounds of sponken words; it is a broad tern that includes indentifying and making rhymes, recognizing alliteration, identifying and working with syllables in spoken words, identifying and working with onsets and rhymes in spoken syllables.

question

Alphabetic principle

answer

an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.

question

phonemes

answer

the separable, individual sounds in a word. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech; e.g., in the word cat, there are 3 phonems: /k/, /a/, /t/.

question

graphemes:

answer

the letters that spell the sounds in a word; e.g., in the word cat, the sound /k/ is represented by the grapheme (letter) c.

question

Onset- Rime-

answer

An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable, and a rime is the remaining set of phonemes in the syllable; e.g., in sat, the onset is /s/ and the rime is /at/.

question

Effective sequence for introducing children to phonemes

answer

1. phoneme comparison in the following order: beginning, ending, and middle sounds 2. Phoneme blending 3. Linking letters 4. Manipulating phoneses through deletion, addition, substitution 5. Phoneme segmentation

question

Early blending activities should use words that begin with....

answer

continuous consonants (e.g., f, l, m, r, s) because these sounds are easy to hear and can be blended without distortion. The children should "stretch out" and connect the sounds in the word (e.g., ssssaaaatttt, rather than /s/--/a/--/t/).

question

Two best predictors of later success in reading are...

answer

phonemic awareness and alphabetic knowledge.

question

Directed reading- Thinking activity (DRTA)

answer

A guided reading activity in which the teacher breaks the text into shorter segments, and next facilitates a discussion on the key concepts related to the text tiopic an thereafter leads the student in predicting, reading silently to confirm predicitons, discussing to refine and clarify predictions; and then formulating new predictions about the remainder of the text; this process is repeated until the reading of the text is completed.

question

Phonemic awareness:

answer

the ability ot notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words. (Focuses on sounds of language, not meaning)

question

Phonics

answer

refers to the sounds that letters represent and how these sounds and letters combine to form words.

question

Phonics Instruction

answer

the systematic, exlicit presentation of sound-letter relationships; for children to benfit from it they need phonemic awareness.

question

decoding

answer

the process of tranlating written words using letter-sound correspondence and blending the sounds into words

question

Automaticity

answer

accurate, speedy word recognition; is necessary, but not sufficient, for fluency development.

question

Morpheme

answer

the smallest unit of meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller units without losing its meaning. Sopme morphemes can stand alone like the words, a, dog, or cat; others cannot such as the prefix re or the suffix ly.

question

Affix

answer

a prefix or suffix

question

Consonant diagraph

answer

constist of two consonants that together represent one sound- like the ph sound in the word digraph.

question

consonant blend

answer

constists of two or more consonants sonded together in such a way that each is heard- like the blend of b and l in the word blend.

question

concepts of print

answer

print represents spoken language; print is directional from left to right and top to bottom; books are read from front to back; the strings of letters separated by spaces in text are words, and individual letters are different from words; sentences begin with capital letters and end with periods, etc.....

question

decodable text

answer

text in which most of the words are made up of sound-letter relationships that have been taught, but that contain enough high-frequency irregular, and story words to make them sound natural.

question

sight words

answer

words children identify quickly, accurately, and effortlessly.

question

Irregular/hig-frequency words

answer

words that appear often in printed English (e.g., a, the, in, to, no, you, for), but are not readily decodable in the early stages of reading instruction.

question

Vowel digraph

answer

consists of two vowels that together represent one sound- like the oa in boart tht makes the long o sound.

question

diphthong

answer

a vowel pain in which the sound glides from one vowel to the other- like oi, oy, ou, and ow in foil, boy, out, and cow.

question

Think-Aloud

answer

A modeling activity in which the teacher verbalizes the teacher's thoughts while reading; used to model ways in which skilled readers make predictions, use visulization, related prior knowledge, and moitor and self-correct their comprehensions.

question

Cloze Procedure

answer

An assessment method used to determind readability of a text that involves deleting words from the text and leaving blank spaces.

question

Leveled Books

answer

Books that have been sorted according to level of difficulty so that children and teachers can select books at the child's appropriate reading level.

question

The role of phonemic awareness in emergent literacy is

answer

to prepare students to match speech sounds with letters in written words.

question

Graphophonic Cues

answer

cues based on letter-sound correspondence that help readers decode text and determin its meaning. (When readers are using letter sounds and thier poistion in word sto help decode a word.)

question

When a student attempts to read a word in a sentence and asks the teachers, "Is that right?" The teacher's best response is-

answer

to ask the student to reread the sentence and see whether the word makes sense.

question

cueing systems

answer

cues used by the reader to draw on or gain meaning from text. They include: structural analysis- word identification skill that focuses on word parts- prefixes, root words, suffixes, inflectional endings (e.g., -s, -es, -ed, -ing, -er, and -est), and derivational endings (e.g., -y, -ly, -ial, -ic). semantic- using background knowledege/ experience with word meanings. Syntactic- using word order and knowlege of language patterns. Graphophonic- using knowldege of letters and sounds.

question

Context clues are

answer

clues to the meaning of a word contained in the text that surround it. These clues include definitions, examples, and restatements. Teaching students strategies for identifying and using context clues is an important technique for vocabulary development.

question

Reading fluency includes...

answer

a combinabtion of accuracy and rate; developed by reading and rereading a large number of stories and informational text that are at an apporpriate reading level.

question

Comprehension

answer

getting meaning from written text

question

comprehension strategies of skilled readers

answer

activating and using background knowledge, generating and asking questions, making inferences, predicting, summarizing, visualizing

question

Reading levels for text material

answer

frustrational- is able to read less than 90% of words correctly: instructional- can read/understand between 90-95% of text; independent- reads/understands at least 95-100% of text.

question

steps in the writing process

answer

1. prewriting- strategies such as brainstorming, graphic organizers, notes, and logs to generate ideas and plans to determind audience and purpose; 2. draft- develop by organizing ideas into paragraphas to suit the audience and purpose 3. revise- draft for coherence, progression, and logical support of ideas by adding, elaborating, deleting, combining, and rearraging text; 4. edit- drafts to ensure standard usage, varied senence structure, and appropriate word choice; 5. publishing- use available technology to support aspects of creating, revising, editing, and publishing final product

question

expressive language skills

answer

speaking and writing

question

receptive language skills

answer

listening and reading

question

predictable/pattern books

answer

fiction; plots are simple, fast- paced, predictable

question

folklore

answer

the stongs, stories, myths, and proverbs of people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth

question

folktales

answer

fiction; stories are not intended to be accepted as ture; larger-than-life characters adn very unusual happenings

question

tall tale

answer

humorous, exaggerated story with characters who do unbelievable things

question

fable

answer

fiction; short brief stories that teach a lesson or moral.

question

myth

answer

fiction; stories seen as true in the culture

question

legend

answer

fiction; plots center around adventures of heroic figures.

question

Reading to students in a text that is beyond their independent reading level is a good practice because

answer

is exposes students to new vocabulary and concepts to expand their knowledge of word meanings.

question

realistic fiction

answer

fiction; story that can actually happen and is true to life

question

historical fiction

answer

fiction; based on real historical events

question

informational books/articles

answer

nonfiction; contains factual information about a specific subject.

question

biography/autobiography

answer

nonfiction; contains factual information about a real person

question

books of true experience

answer

nonfiction; true stories aobut real events from a person's life or parts of his/her life

question

mystery

answer

fiction; plots are fast-paced and revolve around a suspenseful crime or mysterious happening.

question

How can a teacher best identify a student's word identification stratategies?

answer

Ask the student to explain how he/she figured out the word.

question

Miscue

answer

a mistake in reading written words such as saying the wrong word, leaving out a word, repeating a word, inserting a word.

question

What are the advantages of using a basal program?

answer

Basal books are controlled in their vocabulary and sentence structure

question

How can a teacher help students learn the importance of punctuation?

answer

Have them read a passage in which punctuation has been omitted.

question

An effect way to promote the oral develpment of a 3-year-old preschooler is to...

answer

verbally label adn describe events in the child's world.

question

What word identification strategies would help a child understand and pronounce correctly the words read, wind, and in a reading passage?

answer

semantic and syntactic cues

question

drama

answer

fictional play; plot is carried by the dialogue.

question

Ballad

answer

narrative poem (tells a story) set to music

question

sonnet

answer

poem consiting of 14 lines with a formal rhyming scheme

question

lyric poem

answer

rhythmic and melodic poem

question

acrostic poem

answer

a poem where the first letter of each line spells a word

question

diamante

answer

a seven-lined poem set up in a diamond shape

question

quatrain

answer

poem consiting of four lines of verse

question

cinquain

answer

a short, unrhymed poem consiting of twenty-two syllables distributed as 2,4, 6, 8, 2 in five lines.

question

limerick

answer

a rhymed humorous, nonsense poem of five lines with last line ending in a suprise twist; highly controlled. Lines 1,2, and 5 rhyme.; Lines 3 and 4 rhyme

question

free verse

answer

poetry that lacks rhyme and structured meter

question

haiku

answer

a unrhymed japanese verse consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables or 17 sylllables in all.

question

shape poetry

answer

peom that has the shape of its subject.

question

expository writing

answer

a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform.

question

literary elements:

answer

character, plot, setting, theme, point of view, tone, style.

question

simile

answer

figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike thinks, usually with the words like or as

question

metaphor

answer

figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between tow relatively unlike things using a form of be

question

alliteration

answer

repeated consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words or within words; e.g., big, blue bear

question

onomatopoeia

answer

the use of words that mimic sounds; e.g., pop!

question

flat character

answer

not fully developed; we only know one side of the character

question

round character

answer

fully developed, with many traits--bad and good-- shown in the story

question

The most common type of narrative order in children's books is...

answer

chronological; the events are told in the order they happen

question

Preschool children's oral language development is best fostered by...

answer

providing the children with opportunities to communicate with their peers and with adults in a wide range of contexts.

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SSR (Sustained silent Reading)

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a reading activity in which a block of time, typically 15-30 minutes, is allotted for students to engage in uninterrupted silent reading for pleasure.

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Analyzing what an unfamiliar words' placement in a sentence suggest about the meaning of the word is an example of....

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using syntactic clues.

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When brainstorming potential topics for writing assignments, students should be mindful that...

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no suggestion or statement by a student should be criticized as wrong or inappropriate.

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guided reading

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instruction that supports and extend the reading process

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shared reading

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a modeling strategy in which the teacher reads a story and the children join in.

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One of the easies phonemic awareness tasks for young children is...

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the ability to identify the initial sound of a word, such as the /d/ sound in dog.

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What graphic organizer is best to use for literary fiction?

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story map or story tree.

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A student's has satisfactory decoding skills, but the student has weak comprehension when reading. What should the teacher do to help the student?

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Explicitly teach the student how to apply various comprehension strategies as the student reads.

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A student has comprehension difficulty with content area reading. What shoudl the teacher do to help the student?

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Explicitly teach the student about the parts and format of various nonfiction texts and the specialized terminology and language the texts use.

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To promote a preschoolers's understanding of the connection between spoken and written language

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have the child tell a story and watch as the teacher writes down what the child says.

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A most effective informal reading assessment to check students' understanding of a reading passage is to-

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have the student stalk in their own words about what they have read.

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A child's ability to point to words during th intitial stages of reading indicates-

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the child's development of an awareness of words and of the correspondence between written and spoken language.

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To help preshcoolsers develop an understanding that print has meaning-

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have the sutdents "write" messages and draw pictures on holiday cards.

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To help ESL students begin to develop a sight vocabulary-

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display high frequency words and label objects in the classroom

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.To help young children hear, and pronounce, all the sounds in a new word...

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have children clap the syllables as they hear, and pronounce, them.

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To help children understand that words are made up of individual sounds that can be separted and counted use....

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auditory cues (e.g., clapping the syllables) and viual cues (e.g., Elkonin boxes, counters, chiops, blocks, etc.) to mark the syllables.

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Invented or temporary spelling

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helps to increas phonemic awareness and increases knowlege of spelling patterns.

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Talk-aloud activity

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the teacher ask questions to guide students through a series of steps they must follow to complete a task.

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think-aloud activity

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the teacher shares with students the thinking process that he/she goes through to complete a task.

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For helping preshcool children listen attentively

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establish a cuing system that signals that its time to listen and use it routinely.

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To promote children's receptive language development

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have frequent conversations with them- both individually andin gorups- about topics and activities of personal interest to them.

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When a teacher read aloud expressively, modifying his/her voice to convey story elements this...

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models good reading and also promotes children's receptive language development.

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Children learn letter shapes by...

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playing with blocks, plastic letters, and alphabet blocks.

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big books

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Large, oversized books used in shared reading, usually at the emergent reading level.

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running record

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a tool for scoring and analyzing a student's reading ability.

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word families

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groups of words that have the same ending soudn (rime) but a different beginning sound (onset), such as can, man, fan.

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spelling patterns

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patterns of letters or sounds in words that constitute a word family, for example, -an as in can, man, fan.

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A third grade teacher make a practice of reading aloud to students from hig-interest books that are above the students' independent reading level. Why do this?

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to stimulate students' interest in literature and to introduce new vocabulary words and concepts to expand their knowledge of word meanings.

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Having first graders write simple words at the same time they are first learning to recognize words in print is most likely to promote their reading development by-

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reinforcing their knowledge of the alphabetic principle.

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To best asses a preschoolers understanding of concepts of print?

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Ask the child to "read" a book while the teacher watches and listens.

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A fourth grader who reads at the seventh grade level often seems bored and unchallenged. What would be most appropriate for the teacher to do to promote this student's reading development?

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Help the student find books to read that are of high personal interest.

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A fourth grade teacher asks a paraprofessional to lead a small-group discussion of a story students have read. To ensure the likely success of this activity, the teacher should-

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provide the paraprofessional with a set of questions to help promote students' comprehension of the story.

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A fourth grader demonstrates good decoding skills when reading leveled word lists, but often makes miscues and rarely self-corrects when reading text passages. To help this student learn to self-correct, the teacher should-

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Encourage the student to think about whether each sentence makes sense as it is read.

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When discussing reading issues with parents/guardians teachers should-

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use nontechnical terms since the use of professional jargon can create barriers to communication.

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In evaluating the suitability of children's books for use as elementary classroom reading material, what is most important to consider first?

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wheter classroom use of these reading materials will address the grade level reading TEKS.

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An appropriate activity to imporve first-graders' listening comprehension skills is-

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to have them follow short (3-step) directions presented orally.

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How long should phonics be taught?

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According to the National Reading Panel, approximately two years is sufficient in the primary grades.

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Inferential comprehension

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being able to draw conclusion by reading "between the lines"

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literal comprehension

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understanding that written words of a text

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Organizational patterns:

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spatial, sequence, cause and effect, comparison and contrast

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spatial

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organized by actual location in space

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sequence

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organized in numerical or chronological order.

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compariosn/contrast

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explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different

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cause and effect

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lists one or more cuases and the resulting effect or effects

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phonological awareness

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an awareness of and the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words.

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Shared reading

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reading aloud to children and talking about the books and stories

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Graphophonemic Knowledge

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letter recognition and letter-sound correspondence.

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Fantasy/science fiction

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fiction; plots contain some elements that could not happen in the world as we know it today

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One way to help a child that is having trouble with letter recognition is-

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to have the child use his/her finger to trace a letter that the teacher has made from textured material and say the letter name while tracing.

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Literacy develpment instruction for English language learners should...

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value and build upon children's home languages.

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Phonemic awareness

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identifying and manipulating the individual sounds in spoken words.

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