TEST4 – Flashcard
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chronic disease
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an illness hat is prolonged, does not resolve spontaneously, and is rarely cured
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sinoatrial node (SA node)
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cluster of electric pulse-generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart
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arteriosclerosis
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a general term for thickening and hardening of the arteries
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atherosclerosis
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condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances (plaque) on the inner lining of an artery
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ischemia
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reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ
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peripheral artery disease (PAD)
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atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, or legs, or in the arms
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coronary heart disease (CHD)
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a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
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myocardial infarction (MI; heart attack)
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a blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart
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arrhythmia
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an irregularity in heartbeat
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fibrillation
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a sporadic, quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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an abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues
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stroke
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a condition occurring when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply; also called cerebrovascular accident
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aneurysm
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a weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and, in severe cases, burst
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transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
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brief interruption of the blood supply to the brain that causes only temporary impairment; often an indicator of impending major stroke
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systolic blood pressure
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the upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts
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diastolic blood pressure
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the lower number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity
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cardiometabolic risks
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risk factors that impact both the cardiovascular system and the body's biochemical metabolic processes
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metabolic syndrome (MetS)
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a group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
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C-reactive protein (CRP)
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a protein whose blood levels rise in response to inflammation
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electrocardiogram (ECG)
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a record of the electrical activity of the heart; may be measured during a stress test
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angiography
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a technique for examining blockages in heart arteries
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coronary bypass surgery
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a surgical technique whereby a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
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angioplasty
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a technique in which a catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a clogged artery; the balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls and a stent is typically inserted to keep the artery open
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five-year survival rates
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the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive 5 years after they were diagnosed with or treated for cancer
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remission
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a temporary or permanent period when cancer is responding to treatment and under control. this often leads to the disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer
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malignant
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very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor
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benign
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harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor
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biopsy
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microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present
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metastasis
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process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
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mutant cells
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cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
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carcinogens
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cancer-causing agents
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oncogenes
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suspected cancer-causing genes
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malignant melanoma
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a virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) of the skin
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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an antigen found in prostate cancer patients
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Pap test
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a procedure in which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal activity
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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The test uses powerful magnet to look inside the body. A device that uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an image of internal tissues of the body for diagnostic purposes without the use of radiation
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computed tomography scan (CT scan)
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a scan by a machine that uses radiation to view internal organs not normally visible on X-ray images
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radiotherapy
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use of radiation to kill cancerous cells
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chemotherapy
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use of drugs to kill cancerous cells
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The type of blood vessel that delivers nutrients to the tissues and picks up waste-carrying blood is the: A) artery. B) capillary. C) ventricle. D) vein.
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B) capillary.
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Smoking affects the cardiorespiratory system in which one of the following ways? A) It decreases blood pressure. B) It increases the amount of oxygen available to the heart. C) It reduces levels of HDL in the bloodstream. D) It reduces blood clotting.
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C) It reduces levels of HDL in the bloodstream.
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Which of the following diastolic blood pressure readings would be typical for a healthy adult? A) 50 B) 80 C) 120 D) 150
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B) 80
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A type of chest pain that may be a sign of heart disease is: A) arrhythmia. B) thrombosis. C) aneurysm. D) angina.
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D) angina.
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Dietary changes that can protect against cardiovascular diseases include all of the following EXCEPT: A) decreasing fiber intake. B) decreasing fat intake. C) replacing animal proteins with soy proteins. D) increasing fish and seafood consumption.
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A) decreasing fiber intake.
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Metastasis occurs when: A) cancer cells break off and invade other parts of the body. B) cancer cells begin to divide rapidly within an organ. C) a tumor grows big enough to interfere with body functions. D) a nonmalignant group of cells grows slowly.
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A) cancer cells break off and invade other parts of the body.
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Cancers of the blood-forming cells are: A) carcinomas. B) leukemias. C) lymphomas. D) sarcomas.
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B) leukemias.
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The most common cause of cancer death in the United States is: A) breast cancer. B) prostate cancer. C) lung cancer. D) colon cancer.
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C) lung cancer.
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Which of the following types of cancer is linked to a sexually transmitted disease? A) ovarian cancer B) testicular cancer C) prostate cancer D) cervical cancer
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D) cervical cancer
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Using a sunscreen with an SPF rating of 15 means that you: A) can stay in the sun for 15 minutes without getting burned. B) can stay in the sun 15 times longer without getting burned than if you didn't use it. C) are protected against the full range of ultraviolet radiation. D) can remain in the sun as long as the UV index is below 15.
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B) can stay in the sun 15 times longer without getting burned than if you didn't use it.
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Moderate physical activity reduces the risk of heart disease. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Chronic hostility and anger increase one's risk of heart attack. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Women are at greater risk for heart attack than are men. A) True B) False
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B) False
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Hypertension usually has no symptoms. A) True B) False
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A) True
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It is not necessary to report a transient ischemic attack to a physician. A) True B) False
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B) False
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The primary risk factor for lung cancer is tobacco smoke. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Age is a key risk factor for both colon and prostate cancer. A) True B) False
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A) True
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One woman in 20 will develop breast cancer. A) True B) False
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B) False
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Oral cancers can be linked to the use of spit tobacco and alcohol. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Estrogen is a cancer promoter. A) True B) False
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A) True
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What are the top 2 killers in the U.S.?
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1. Cardiovascular Disease 2. Cancer
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What is the Cardiovascular System?
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-Cardiovascular disease(CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. -affects more than 71 million people -accounts for nearly half of all deaths
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What are the two types of heart disease?
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1. Heart Attack 2. Stroke *** much of these incidences are due to lifestyle concerns
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Characteristics of the Heart
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-4 chambered pump (atria and ventricles) -size of fist -weighs about 1lbs
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What is the function of the heart?
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-creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body ***takes 1 minute for your blood to circulate throughout your body -blood enters through the vena cava into the right atrium
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Right side VS Left side
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RIGHT: pumps blood to and from the LUNGS called the PULMONARY CIRCULATION LEFT: pumps blood throughout the rest of the BODY called the SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
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What are the 9 steps of the heart?
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1. go through your superior venea cavae 2. goes into the right atrium 3. into the right ventricle 4. goes into pulmonary artery 5. goes gets oxygenated into lungs 6. enters pulmonary veins 7. enters through left atrium 8. enters left ventricle 9. goes out the aortic valves to the rest of your body
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Heart Beat Stimulation
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signal sends impulses from the heart
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SA Nodes
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-PACEMAKER: creates an electrical impulse that spreads from right to left (ECG)
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heart contraction
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systole
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heart relaxation
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diastole
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Risk Factors
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smoking, physical inactivity, high cholesterol, hyertension, diabetes, mellitis, obesity, and overweight
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Risk factors that can be changed
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high triglyceride levels, stress, chronic hostility, anger, type D personalitys(suppressed feelings), depression/anxiety, low socioeconomic status, alcohol, and drugs
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Risk factors that cannot be changed
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heredity, age, being male, and ethnicity
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Major forms of CVD
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1. CAD( coronary artery disease) -atherosclerosis: build up of plaque on the arteries 2. Hypertension 3. Stroke 4. Congestive heart failure -occurs with pulmonary edema
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hypertension
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sustained elevated blood pressure -blood pressure exeeds a systolic(pressure at contraction) over 140 mm/kg and/or a diastolic(pressure between contradiction) of 90 mm/kg Symptoms: the "silent killer" (no symptoms) Diagnosis: regular checks of resting blood pressure **** average blood pressure ;120/80 Treatment: medication, exercise, diet *** can cause heart attacks, strokes, and kidney diease
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artherosclerosis
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-is a form of artheriosclerosis(hardening of the arteries) -arteries become narrow because plaque build up -this deprives blood and vital oxygen to organs *** may result in: coronary heart disease, stroke, peripherial arterial diease -begins during childhood
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heart attack
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-damage to vessels of the coronary arteries Principal Cause:artherosclerosis -myocardial infraction heart disease -1/3 of victims feel no chest pain
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angina pectoris
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when the need of oxygen exceeds the supply to results in chest pains chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart
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Recognizing and Treating a heart attack
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symptoms: SOB, long term chest pains, numbness of left side diagnosis: ECG, angiogram, MRI surgical treatment: bypass, angioplasty, heart transplant non-surgical treatment: platelets, inhibitors, aspirin, alcohol *** CPR is considered an emergency response for heart attack emergencies
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Stroke
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AKA: cerebrovascular accident -blood supply to the brain is cut off
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What are the types of 3 types of strokes?
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Ischemic Stoke(80%): blockage of blood vessels Thrombotic Stroke: blood clot formed where artery is narrowed Hemorrhagic Stroke(20%): blood vessel ruptures Diagnosis- CT scan or MRI Treatment- clot dissolving drug therapy (TPA's)
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Congestive Heart Failure
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-Swollen heart due to the lack of strength (cannot maintain pumping rate and forte) AKA pulmonary edema (swelling in lungs)
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Other forms of heart disease
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-congenital heart disease -hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM) -rheumatic heart disease
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How to avoid cardiovascular disease
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eat healthy, increase fiber intake, decrease alcohol and sodium, maintain normal body functions
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Cancer
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Cell regulation problem causing abnormal cell growth A large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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What are the 2 forms of cancer?
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Benign (GOOD): cells similar to surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues Malignant (BAD): capable of invading surrounding structures, producing invasive tumors or uncontrolled growth
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Metastasis
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The spreading of cancer cells which occurs due to the lack of cellular cohesiveness The process of malignant tumors spreading to other organs
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What are the 4 types of cancers?
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1. Carcinomas 2. Sarcomas 3. Lymphomas 4. Leukemia
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Carcinomas
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arise from epithelia, tissues that cover external body surfaces (organs, skin, nerves, membranes) ***most common form of cancer
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Sarcomas
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arise from connective and fibrous tissues such as muscles, bone, cartilage, and the membranes covering muscles and fat
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Lymphomas
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cancers of the lymph nodes, part of the bodies infection fighting system (immune system)
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Leukemia
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blood and blood forming tissues (bone marrow)
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The incidence of cancer
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-each year 1.4 million people in the U.S are diagnosed with cancer, most will be cured but 36% will die because of late diagnostics -nearly 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer -cancer death rate has dropped 10% since 1990 due to lifestyle changes *** the American Cancer Society believe lifestyle changes are what has reduced cancer rates
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Lung Cancer
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***most common cause of cancer Risk Factors: smoking (87%), pollution Prevention: remove smoke element Treatments: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, medications ** full recovery remains unlikely in all but a small percent of cases
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Colon and Rectal Cancer
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***considered the second leading cause of cancer deaths Risk Factors: age (90% is 50 and older), heredity, lifestyle Detection and Treatment: removal of polyps, yearly stool blood test, sigmoidoscopy/colonscopy, surgery -radiation and chemotherapy may be used before and after surgery
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KNOW
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-breast cancer -prostate cancer -cervical cancer -skin cancer
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The causes of cancer
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-DNA (heredity) -diet -inactivity/obesity -microbes -carcinogens in the environment (pollution)
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ABCD Test
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A: asymmetry B: border irregularity C: color D: diameter (distance)
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CAUTION (detecting cancer: the 7 warning signs)
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C: Chang in bowel/bladder nobits A: A sore that doesn't heal U: Unusual bleeding or discharge T: Thickening of tissue (schlerotic change) I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O: Obvious change in a wart/mole N: Nagging Cough
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chronic disease:
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a disease with a gradual onset of symptoms that last a long time or reoccur
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more than half of deaths in the US every year are caused by:
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cardiovascular disease and Cancer
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__% of health care expenditures in the US are for treatment for chronic disease
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75
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4 common risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes:
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poor nutrition, lack of exercise, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption
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if you changed one behavior that would most greatly reduce the risk of developing a chronic disease it would be:
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Not smoking!
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which chronic disease has more than doubled in the last 15 years and is now one of the most common serious illness in the US:
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diabetes
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type 1 diabetes:
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the cells of the pancreas stop producing insulin
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type 2 diabetes:
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the body's cells dont respond to the insulin properly and becomes resistant to insulin
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what type of cardiovascular disease is responsible for most deaths in the US:
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coronary heart disease 51%
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what is atherosclerosis?
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an arterial condition where scarring and buildup along artery walls occur, restricting blood flow
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blood pressure:
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the force of blood pulsating against artery walls
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what are risk factors for hypertension?
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coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure and stroke
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hypertension is known as the silent killer because:
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1/3 of people dont know they have it
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systole:
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when your heart contracts, the pressure of your blood in your arteries momentarily increases
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diastole:
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your heart relaxes and blood pressure drops
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myocardial infarction is often referred to as a;
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heart attack
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High density lipoprotein (HDL):
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cholesterol containing compound that degrades and releases cholesterol into the blood stream GOOD
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low density lipoprotein (LDL)
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a cholesterol containing compound that as it degrades, it releases BAD cholesterol
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heart healthy food choices:
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REDUCE fat and cholesterol & INCREASE sodium and fiber
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uncontrollable risks to Cardiovascular disease:
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your age, sex, genetic inheritance
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cancer:
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a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled reproduction of abnormal cells to other parts of the body
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which ethnic group is at greater risk of dying from cancer?
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blacks and mexicans because they lack health care
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benign tumor:
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a tumor that grows slowly but does not spread and IS NOT CANCEROUS
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malignant tumor:
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tumor that grows aggressively and invades surrounding tissues
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what happens when cancer metasizes?
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causes malignant tumors to be far more dangerous and harder to treat
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HPV is a risk factor for which cancer?
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human papilloma virus is usually transmitted through sexual contact and causes cervical cancer
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ABCDE acronym for examining a mole:
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Asymmetry: non matching sides Border irregularity Color changes Diameter: bigger than 6mm Evolving
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2 common cancers specific to men:
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prostate and testicular
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3 most common cancers specific to women:
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breast, ovarian and cervical
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what is the most common cancer of all when cases of the highly curable form are included in the skin count?
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skin cancer
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which cancer is the #1 cause of death in both women and men?
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brain cancer
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the system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that circulates blood throughout the body is called the
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cardiovascular system
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the __________ system consists of the
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cardiovascular
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true or false: the vena cava is either two of the large veins through which
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...
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true or false: the cardiovascular system consists of the lungs, heart, and blood vessels; together, they move blood throughout the body
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false
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the ______ are the two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles
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atria
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the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood through the arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body are ________
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ventricles
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recall the name of the large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body
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aorta
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the relaxation phase of the heart is called
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diastole
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systole is the __________ phase of the heart
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contraction
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the collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels is called
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cardiovascular disease
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the vessels that carry blood to the heart are the
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veins
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the vessels that carry blood away from the heart are
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arteries
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smoking damages the lining of the
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arteries
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studies show that lowering LDL levels and ___________ HDL levels not only reduce the likelihood that arteries will become clogged but may also reverse deposits on artery walls
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increasing
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smoking causes ______to stick together in the blood stream, leading to clotting
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platelets
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hypertension cannot be _______
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cured
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blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels , which is created by the pumping action of the
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heart
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people over the age of 50 with a systolic blood pressure of more than 140 are at greater risk for ___________disease
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cardiovascular
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cholesterol is an important component of
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the lungs cell membranes vitamin D sex hormones
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people with diabetes are at an increased risk for CVD, partly because the elevated glucose levels can damage the lining of the arteries. what other risk factors for developing CVD do many diabetics have?
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obesity hypertension low HDL levels
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65% of people with _________die from cardiovascular disease
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diabetes
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_______ is the abnormal enlargement of an organ secondary to an increase in cell size.
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hypertrophy
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chronic hostility triggers the __________ response, which over time damages the ________
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stress arteries
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metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of ________ __________, especially in women.
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heart disease
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A(n) _________ is a type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease.
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triglyceride
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people who have a family history of cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk of developing the disease, but __________ factors, such as if they exercise or smoke still play a large role.
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lifestyle
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what is the substance that is released into the bloodstream during the inflammatory response that may be a marker for elevated risk of heart attack or stroke
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c-reactive protein
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about 70% of all ______ _______ victims are age 65 or older.
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heart attack
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which gender faces a greater risk of heart attack earlier in life
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men
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_______ americans have a higher rate of getting hypertension than any other enthnic group
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african
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arteries are vessels that carry blood ________ from the heart
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away
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which of the following are risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease
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high homocysteine levels infectious agents uric acid
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list the stage of plaque development in order
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plaque build up begins platelets and other types of cells collect at the site arteries lose their elasticity restricting blood flow the narrowed artery is vulnerable to blockage by clots
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coronary heart disease is sometimes called coronary ________ disease
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artery
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cardiac _______ is when an electrical shock is delivered to the heart.
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defibrillation
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an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) detects abnormalities in the
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heart
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pain in the chest , and often in the left arm and shoulder, caused by the heart muscle not receiving enough blood is called
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angina pectoris
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a change in the normal pattern of the heartbeat called
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arrhythmia
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damage to or death of heart muscle resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart is called
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a heart attack
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a technique involving
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mouth to mouth breathing
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a(n) ___________ is a picture of the arterial system taken after injecting a dye that is opaque to x rays
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angiogram
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signs of a heart attack may include discomfort in the
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jaw chest neck
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cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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disease of the heart and blood vessels Leading cause of death in the U.S Is linked o Heredity
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cardiovascular system
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Heart Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Veins and Venules organ system, consisting of the heart and blood vessels, that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body
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The heart
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Size of a Fist Has 4 Chamber
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Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
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Clusters of electric pulse-generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart
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atria (singular:atrium)
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- the heart's two upper chambers - receive blood
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ventricles
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- the heart's two lower chambers - pump blood through the blood vessels
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body
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arterioles
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branches of the arteries
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capillaries
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- minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles and venules - their thin walls permit exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells
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veins
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vessels that carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body
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venules
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Branches of Veins
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cancer
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- a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells - disrupts/impairs/stops normal bodily functions and processes - 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.
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neoplasm
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- a new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function - results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development
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tumor
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a neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
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4 types of cancer
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1. carcinoma 2. sarcoma 3. lymphoma 4. leukemia
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2 types of tumors
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1. malignant 2. benign
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Heart Disease in Women vs. Men
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Men - large blockages easily spotted by tests Women - Plaque diffused along the lining of arteries and blood vessels
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#1 Killer of Women
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Heart Disease
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1/3 adults or 82 million Americans
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Suffer from one or more types of cardiovascular disease
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque).
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Heart Attack
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heart tissie is damaged and part of it may die from lack of oxygenated blood
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Myocardial Infarction (MI)
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Or Heart Attack Involves an area of the heat that suffers permanent damage because its normal blood supply has been blocked.
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40% of heart attack victms die
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within the first hour following the heart attack
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Heart Attack Symptoms
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Chest Pain Arm, neck, Jaw pain Excessive Sweating Difficulty Breathing Nausea and Vomiting Loss of Consciouness
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The hour following a heart attack
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is the Most crucial
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What to do in the event of a heart attack
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Call 9-1-1 CPR
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Types of Cardiovascular Disease
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Atherosclerosis Arrhythmias Coronary Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure Angina Pectoris Stroke
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Atherosclerosis
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Restricted Blood flow
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Ischemia
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Reduced oxygen Supply to a body part or organ Heart become starved for oxygen
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plaque
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buildup of deposits in the arteries
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Hyperlipidemia
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Abnormally high blood levels of lipids which are non-water-soluble molecules such as fats and cholesterol, lead to plaque
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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
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Atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as feet, calves, legs or arms 20% adults 65 or older in the US have symptoms but not receiving treatment.
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Four factors lead to damage to vessels
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+ Inflammation + Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood + High blood pressure + Tobacco Smoke
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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1 in 6 deaths in the US Approx 785k new heart attacks and 470k recurrent attack annualy
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Angina Pectoris
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Chest pain occurring as a result of a reduced oxygen flow to the heart.
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Arrhythmia
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An irregularly heat beat
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Myocardial Infarction or Heart Attack
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Disruption in or deficiency of coronary artery blood supply, resulting in necrosis of myocardial tissue
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Stroke Warning Signs
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Numbness Confusion Vision loss Dizziness Severe Headache
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Systolic Pressure
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THE PRESSURE EXERTED AGAINST THE WALLS OF THE ARTERY WHEN THE LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTS
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How does hypertension affect men vs women?
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Men - large blockages easily spotted by tests Women - Plaque diffused along the lining of arteries and blood vessels
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Metabolic Syndrome
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Abdominal obesity Elevated blood fat Low levels of HDL Elevated blood pressure Elevated fasting glucose High levels of C-reactive proteins
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Reduce risk for CVD
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Avoid Tobacco Cut back on Saturated fat and Cholesterol Monitor cholesterol Exercise Regularly Maintain a healthy Weight Control Diabetes
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Heart function
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1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium after having been circulated through the body 2. From the right atrium, blood moves to the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen. 3. Oxygenated blood from the lungs then return to the left atrium of the heart. 4. Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts.
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Nicotine and Caffeine
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Can trigger Arrhythmias
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Chemicals in Smoke
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Make heart works harder
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Sources of Cholesterol
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75% by Livers and other Cells 25% from the food ate
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Sources of Saturated Fat
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Beef, Poultry skin, Cheese, etc...
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Transfat
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Hydrogenated Fat
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Aneurysm
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A weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and in severe case, burst
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HDL:
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Remove cholesterol from artery walls
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LDL:
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Build up on artery walls
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Triglycerides
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A key factor in CVD risks
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Monitor cholesterol levels
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TABLE 12.1 374
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Hypertension
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Sustained elevated blood pressure
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Systolic
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Top Number Pressure of blood in the arteries when Heart muscle Contracts, Send blood to the rest of the body.
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Diastolic
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Bottom number Pressure of blood on the arteries when the heart muscle relaxes, blood re-enter the heart chamber.
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Manage Stress
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People under stress might start smoking
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Impatience and Hostility
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Two key components of type A behavior pattern increasing young adults' risk of developing high blood pressure
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Unresolved Chronic Stress
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Resulted in three times the risk of hypertension, CHD, and sudden cardiac death.
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Blood Pressure Classifications
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Normal: S120 D80 Prehyper: S139 D89 Stg1Hype: S159 D99 Stg2Hype: ;S160 ;D100
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Heart-healthy foods
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Fish high in Omega-3 fatty acids Olive oil Whole grain and fiber Plant sterols and stanols Nuts Chocolate and Green Tea
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Heart disease death rates among adults with diabetes are
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2 to 4 times higher than the rates for adults without diabetes
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At least 65% of people with diabetes
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die of some form of heart disease or stroke
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Race and Ethnicity
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African Ameriancs are more likely to have hypertension and also have a higher risk of stroke The rate of hypertension in African Americans is among the highest in the world
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Age Factors
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Over 65
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Heredity
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CVD has genetic components - the amount of cholesterol one produce, tendencies to form plague, blood clotting, and obesity
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Gender
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+Men have higher risk earlier in life +Hormonal factors appear to reduce risk for Women
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homocysteine
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An amino Acid normally Present in the blood May signal increased risk for CVD when presen at high levels
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C-Reactive Protein
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High levels during an inflammatory reaction
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Techniques for Diagnosing Heart Disease
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) Angiography Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Ultrafast Computed Tomography (CT)
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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A record of the electrical activity of the heart.
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Angiography
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Cardiac cartheterization Testing for heart disease Xray img is taken to discover area of blockages
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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positron emission tomography (PET), which produces three-dimensional images of the heart as blood flows though it.
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Ultrafast Computed Tomography (CT)
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Fast form of X-ray imaging of the heart designed to evaluate bypass grafts, diagnose ventricular function, measure calcium deposits
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Coronary bypass Surgery
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A blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery
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Angoplasty
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Implant a balloon to flatten fatty deposits against the artery walls.
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Stent
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a meshlike stainless steel tube
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Aspirin
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reduce the risk of heart attack in men aged 45 to 79 and to reduce the risk of stroke in women aged 55 to 79
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Tobacco is responsible for
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About 30% of all cancer deaths
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Poor Diet and Exercise habits
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Account for another 30% of cancer deaths
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Most cancers
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Could be prevented by Simply lifestyle changes
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Neoplasm
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A new growth of tissue serving no physiological Function
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Tumor
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a clumping of cells resulted from neoplasmic mass
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Not all tumors are
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Malignant (Cancerous), in fact most are Benign
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Benign Tumour
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Mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues.
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Malignant Tumor
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Mass of cells that can invade surrounding tissues Cancer begins as change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not
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Only way to determine whether a turmol is malignant
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Biopsy or microscopic examination of cell development
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Mutant Cells
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Cells that differ in form, quality, and function from normal one
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Two Major classes of Factors
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Heredity Risk Lifestyle and Environmental Risk
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Carcinogens
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Cancer causing agents
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Nearly 76% of cancers
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Are diagnosed at ages 55 and over
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Lifetime Risk
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refers to the probability that an individual, over the course of a lifetime, will develop cancer or die from it
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Relative Risk
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Relative risk is a measure of the strength of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cance
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Preventing Cancer with Lifestyle
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Last Page of text
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Oncogenes
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Suspected cancer-causing Genes
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Genetic Predispositin
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About 5 percent of all cancers are strongly hereditar
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Genetic Susceptibility
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Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes (BRCAl or BRCA2
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increase risks of breast cancer.
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Early menarche Late menopause Not having children Having children late in life Recent use of birth control pills Hormone replacement therapy Opting not to breast feed
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Workplace Hazards
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Account for only a small percentage of all cancer
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Radiation
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Ionizing radiation (lR)-radiation from X-rays, radon, cosmic rays, and ultraviolet radiation (primarily ultraviolet B, or UVB, radiation) is the only form of radiation proven to cause human cancer. Non-ionizing radiation produced by radio waves, cell phones, microwaves, computer screens, televisions, electric blankets, and other products has been a topic of great concern in recent years, but research has not proven excess risk to date
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Chemicals in Foods:
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Sodium nitrate, a chemical used to preserve and give color to red meat The actual carcinogen is not sodium nitrate but nitrosamines, substances formed when the body digests sodium nitrate. Much of the concern about chemicals in foods centers on the possible harm caused by pesticide and herbicide
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Over 25% of all malignacenies in the US
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are caused by viruses, Bacteria and Parasites
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Hepatitis B, Hepatis C, and Liver Cancer
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Believed to Stimulate the growth of cancer cells in the liver
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
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Nearly 100% of women with Cervical cancer have evicence of human papilomavirus (HPV) infection
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Lung cancer
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Is the leading cause of cancer deaths for both men and women in the US
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90% of all lung cancers
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could be avoided if people did not smoke
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Lung Cancer Symptoms and treatment
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a persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis. If the cancer is localized, surgery is usually the treatment of choice. If it has spread, surgery is combined with radiation and chemotherapy.
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Lung cancer Risk factors
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Is believed to be related to exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, wood-burning stoves, and aerosolized oils caused by cooking with oil and deep fat frying.
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Lung Cancer Prevention
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Ban Smoking
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Breast Cancer
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Is the 2nd leading cause of cancer death for women after lung cancer
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Breast Cancer Symptoms and treatment
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asymmetry, skin changes, scaling on the nipple, or new lumps in the breast, retraction or scaliness of the nipple, nipple discharged, or tenderness.
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Breast cancer Risk factors and Prevention
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family history of breast cancer, age,
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Colon and Rectal Cancers
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Are the third most common cancer in both men and women
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Colon and Rectal Cancers Symptoms and treatment
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Bleeding from the rectum, Blood in stool, changes in bowel habits.
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Colon and Rectal Cancers Risk factors
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Family history of polyps (benign growths) in the colon or rectum, or who have inflammatory bowel problems such as colitis
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Colon and Rectal Cancers Prevention
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Regular exercise, a diet with lots of fruits and other plant foods, a healthy weight, and moderation in alcohol consumption appear to be among the most promising prevention strategies. Consumption of milk and calcium appears to decrease risks.
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Skin Cancer
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Most common form of cancer in the US, affecting 1 million people
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Malignant Melanoma
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Deadliest form of skin cancer
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Two most common types of skin cancer
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Basal Cell Carcinomas Squarous Cell Carcinomas
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Skin Cancer Symptoms
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Asymmetry. One half of the mole or lesion does not match the other half. Border irregularity. The edges are uneven, notched, or scalloped. Color. Pigmentation is not uniform. Melanomas may vary in color from tan to deeper brown, reddish black, black, or deep bluish black Diameter. Greater than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pea).
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Skin Cancer Treatment
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Surgery is performed in 90 percent of all cases. Radiation therapy and electrodescication are also common forms of treatment For melanoma, treatment may involve surgical removal of the regional lymph nodes, radiation, or chemotherapy.
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Skin Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention
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Have fair skin Always burn before tanning or burn easily Severe sunburns during childhood Skin Tanning
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Prostate Cancer
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The second Leading cause of cancer deaths in men after Lung Cancer
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Prostate Cancer Symptoms and treatment
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Weak or interrupted urine flow, difficulty starting or stopping urination, pain upon urination.
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Prostate Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention
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Age African are 61% more likely to develop prostate cancer Eating more fruits and vegetables particularly those contains lycopene, a pigment found in tomatoes and red fruits may lower the risk of prostate cancer
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Ovarian Cancer
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The fifth leading cause of cancer deaths for women. Women tends not to discover it until the cancer is at an advanced stage. Researches show that a low-fat diet having multiple children, and breast-feeding can all reduce risk of ovarian cancer.
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Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
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Develop usually in the endometrium (lining). The rest develop in Cervix The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Having sex at a young age and having multiple partner and unprotected sex can increase risks dramatically.
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Testicular Cancer
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However, with a 96 percent 5-year survival rate, it is one of the most curable forms of cancer. Almough the cause of testicular cancer is known, several risk factors have been identified.' Men with undescended testicles appear to be at greatest risk, and some studies indicate a genetic influence
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Detecting Cancer
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The earlier, the better prospect there is for survival
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Radiotherapy
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works by destroying malignant cells or stopping cell growth. It is most effective in treating localized cancer masses.
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Chemotherapy
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When cancer have spread throughout the body
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Promissing Areas of Research
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Immunotherapy Cancer-fighting Genes Gene-therapy
