question

Inflammation begins when it is...

answer

activated by mediators

question

Mediators

answer

any triggering molecules an example would be wast products of bacteria.

question

In Inflammation ______ are triggered to ____

answer

capillaries are triggered to dilate

question

When inflammation occurs there is an increased ___ to the ____tissue

answer

blood supply to the inflamed tissue

question

Increased blood supple causes what two things

answer

redness and warmth

question

what do capillaries allow

answer

leukocytes to enter the infected area.

question

When leukocytes enter an area it causes

answer

edema and swelling

question

What is a vaccine

answer

a suspension of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened or killed to produce immunity.

question

Three categories of vaccines

answer

1. Whole agent
2. Purified antigen vaccines
3.DNA vaccine

question

In T cells recognition occurs by___ on the ___ cell NOT__ cell

answer

Receptors on the T4 cell not on the T8 cell.

question

In T cells activation occurs when....

answer

the T4 cell triggers the T8 cell to become a killer cell.

question

The T4 cell will also trigger

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production of memory cells

question

In T cells response occurs when the_____

answer

T8 cell kills the tagged cell

question

3 T cell Tasks

answer

1. Recognition
2. Activation
3. Response

question

Phagocytosis begins when it is...

answer

activated by mediators

question

What draws the phagocytes to the infected tissue.

answer

Chemotaxis

question

Once phagocytes recognized the pathogen they must use

answer

opsonins

question

Opsonins help phagocytes to

answer

attach to the pathogen

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What happens after the phagocyte attaches to the pathogen?

answer

It kills it then digest it

question

What happens after the Phagocyte digest the pathogen?

answer

It will expel indigestible debris

question

What Three things do the Complement system functions include.

answer

Inflammatory mediators, production of oponosins, and membrane attack complex

question

The complement system is activated by either the __ or __ path

answer

classical or alternative path

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The classical path requires what?

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an antigen antibody complex to form on the surface of the pathogen.

question

The alternative path requires...

answer

Four different molecules to land on the surface of the pathogen.

question

In the alternative path once activation has occurred what will be produced?

answer

mediators and opsonins

question

At the end of the cascade..

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the terminal path forms a membrane attack complex on the surface. This will now surface the pathogen

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What is Interferon

answer

a protein molecules that is produced by a cell that has been infected by a virus.

question

Interferon molecules are released and

answer

signal to cells that are healthy

question

These cells will now produce another protein called

answer

antiviral protein.

question

When new virons are released they will...

answer

infect cells with anti virus but will not synthesize

question

B Cells have 3 task...

answer

Recognition
Activation
Response

question

Recognition occurs by...

answer

the antibody on the surface of the B cell attaching to the receptor of the invading cell.

question

Activation occurs when...

answer

the B cell triggers production of plasma cells. These cells in turn and produce and secrete the identical antibodies.

question

THe B cell will also trigger production of

answer

memory cells

question

Response occurs when

answer

the antibodies bind the antigen cell.

question

3 Levels of defense

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Surface Level, Non specific internal level, specific internal level.

question

Inflammation is our body's

answer

reaction to injury or infection

question

Three types of Phagocytes

answer

1. Macrophages
2. Neutrophils
3.Eosinophils

question

Macrophages

answer

produce granules that they can release. This is called de-granulation. These granules are toxic chemicals to kill invading cells. Also used as inflammatory mediators.

question

Neutrophils

answer

designed to attack bacteria

question

Eosinophils

answer

produce granules toxic to protozoans, fungi and worms

question

How many proteins are in the complement system.

answer

30

question

Pathogenesis

answer

microbes ability to cause disease

question

Pathogens 7 Challenges

answer

1. Maintain reservoir
2. Gain access to new host
3. adhere to body surface
4. invade deeper tissue
5.establish infection invade host defenses
6. multiply in host tissue
7.Exit host

question

6 types of transmission

answer

1. respiratory droplet transmission
2. fomites
3. direct body contact
4. fecal-oral
5. anthropod vector
6. airborne

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3 types of reservoir

answer

Human, Animal, Environmental

question

Health

answer

State of relative equililbrium

question

Disease

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state of functional disequilibrium that may be resolved by recovery or death

question

3 catagories of microbes

answer

Pathogens, Opportunist, Normal Flora

question

Pathogens

answer

found on and in surfaces, will cause disease

question

Opportunist

answer

dont always cause disease, can if opportunity

question

Normal Flora

answer

co exist with humans found on the surface only. Staphylococcus is a common normal flora

question

What are the 7 challenges of pathogens?

answer

1. maintain reservoir
2. gain access to new host
3.adhere to body surface
4. invade deeper tissue
5. establish infection and invade host defenses
6. multiplying in host tissue
7. exit host

question

Maintain Reservior, meaning and example

answer

a place where microbes can manifest, example would be humans, animals, environment.

question

adhere to body surface

answer

stick to body surface, example pili and capsules

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gain access to new host

answer

find a portal of entry so they can leave the reservoir and infect a host. example, coughing direct contact such as a nail in the foot for tetnus

question

invade normal flora

answer

to get away from normal flora

question

establish infection and evade host defenses

answer

avoid phagocytes, example capsul, biofilm and surface proteins,

question

Multiplying in host tissue

answer

can produce waste products and toxins

question

exit host

answer

have to find a portal to leave the host.

question

5 evasion tactics

answer

1. surface proteins
2.antegenic variations
3.Biofilms
4. Having a capsule
5. Surviving phagocytosis

question

6 types of transmission

answer

1. Respiratory droplet transmission
2. Fomites
3. Direct body contact
4. Fecal Oral
5. Arthropod vector
6. Airborne

question

When a human pathogen uses an animal as a reservoir it is called

answer

zoonosis

question

What is one type of reservoir a human can be

answer

A carrier

question

Commensalism

answer

example: Normal Flora, one partner is neither benefited or harmed while the other partner benefits.

question

Mutualism

answer

Example in the cow microbes digest grass, both partners benefit, neither can survive with out the other.

question

Parasitism

answer

host is harmed by the symbiotic partner. Partner benefits. Example, Worm Bacteria virus

question

Normal Flora provide__ benefit to the human body

answer

indirect

question

When Normal Flora set up______ they are competing for___ and ___ on the ___ of our body.

answer

microbial antagonism, space, food , surfaces

question

Each of the groups of bacteria that make up the Normal Flora are _______ the other groups of bacteria

answer

keeping in check

question

Microbial Antagonism

answer

inhibits growth

question

The Normal Flora are>>>>> keeping pathogens away from the surfaces of our body.

answer

not knowingly

question

A newborn girl has

answer

mothers estrogen

question

This makes her vaginal tract

answer

acidic

question

The normal flora that colonizes her is

answer

lactobacillis

question

By time she is 6 weeks old she

answer

loses her mothers estrogen

question

Now she is

answer

alkalinic

question

The normal flora that colonize in her

answer

staph, strep, enterobacterica

question

When she reaches puberty she

answer

produces her own estrogen

question

Now her vaginal tract ranges from

answer

acidic to alkalinic as her estrogen levels change.

question

It is when she reaches what her flora remains stable

answer

menopause

question

List the terms commonly used in Epidemiology

answer

Epidemic: Polio
Pandemic: AIDS
Endemic: gonorreha
Sporadic: Tetnus

question

An incidence rate measures

answer

number of people who develop disease/ number of people in population.

question

The prevalence rate measures

answer

number of people with disease/ number of people in population

question

Nosocomial infection

answer

When a person aquires an infection while they are hospitalized.

question

Three reasons why you can not avoid Nosocomial infections

answer

1. patients are immunocompromised
2. medical procedures are invasive
3. antibiotic resistance is increasing

question

Epidemiology

answer

the study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in the human population.

question

Epidemics

answer

patterns of disease transmissions that affect many members of a population within a short period of time.

question

Pandemics

answer

epidemics that spread worldwide.

question

Sporadic

answer

only occur occasionally in a population

question

How to epidemiologist study disease?

answer

surveys, questionnaires interviews and hospital records.

question

Ways health departments keep us safe.

answer

1. Check water
2. Clean food
3.Hand Washing
4.Insect Control
5.Immuzations

question

Two main causes for emerging diseases

answer

1. a new disease is just a modification
2.Changes in the environment of a pathogen

question

Antibiotics

answer

metabolic products of one microbe that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes.

question

Antibacterial agents

answer

used against bacterial infections

question

Antimycobacterial agents

answer

Tuberculosis

question

Antiviral

answer

viral infections

question

Antifungal

answer

fungal infections

question

Concerns about drugs

answer

1. They might hurt organ function, most of flushed by the kidneys and can inpare organ function.
2. drug resistance of the pathogen
3. antibacterial drugs, if you should use narrow or broad spectrum.

question

How drugs work

answer

1. some inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. Some will disrupt the cell membrance
3. some will inhibit protein synthesis.
4. Some will inhibit folic acid synthesis

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