Test: AP Human Geography Chapter 10 – Flashcards
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Before the first agricultural revolution, people were engaged primarily in what type of agriculture?
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hunting and gathering
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About how many years has farming existed?
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12,000 years
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When did farming start?
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10,000 BC
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What were 4 of the first important agricultural hearths?
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Fertile Crescent (SW Asia), Ancient Egypt, N. China, Indus Valley (S. Asia), Ethiopia
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Where do most scientists think seed agriculture had its origin?
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SW Asia-Fertile Crescent
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What was the dominant crop of the fertile crescent?
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Wheat and barley
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What is the purpose of crop rotation?
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to maintain soil fertility
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What was the driving force behind the diffusion of many of today's crops from their original source?
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As the industrial revolution creates factories, factories need raw materials which leads to colonialism and imperialism which causes crops to diffuse around the world
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Which of the following countries owes its cotton fields to the influence of Great Britain?
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India
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List 4 main factors related to the Green Revolution
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-automated or mechanical irrigation -pesticides, chemical fertilizers -plant hybridization -increased yield
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Name 4 geographical realms significantly affected by the Green Revolution
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US, Middle East, Asia, Europe (everywhere other than Sub-Saharan Africa)
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Name 4 consequences of the adoption of hybrid seeds
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-reduced genetic diversity -migration from rural farming to urban cities -heavy use or fertilizers and pesticides -heavy use of freshwater
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What has been the consequence of genetically engineered foods?
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mad cow disease, artificial hormones, antibiotic overuse and harmful diseases
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Name 4 practices of sustainable agriculture
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-sensitive use of land management systems -use of organic fertilizers -limited use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides -better integration of crops and livestock
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agribusiness
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-the industrialization of agriculture
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4 characteristics of the industrialization of agriculture
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-combining smaller farms into fewer, larger food production facilities -use of biotechnology and hybrid seeds -industrial substitutes are used for additional farming material
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What innovation increased the production of livestock in Argentina and Australia in the late 19th century?
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refrigerated ships
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What country purchases over half of the worlds annual production of coffee?
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USA
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In what country were rubber trees first tapped?
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Brazil
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what is the downside of LDC's becoming reliant on cash crops such as sugar, cacao and coffee?
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they are at the mercy of MDC's who purchase them
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which unique rectangular scheme system in the US was adopted after the American Revolution?
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township and range
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what is a form of village that still exists today in many rural areas?
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walled villages
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Rural housing throughout the world reflects different housing types based on what type of environment?
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cultural
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Who does most of the agricultural work in Africa and much of the less developed world?
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women
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economic activities are grouped into five major aggregates of productive activities. which denotes the extractive sector?
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primary: products close to the ground
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what is desertification and where is it occurring?
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degradation of land in arid areas due to man-made activities. Sahel, North Africa
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is there a relationship between the percentage of a country's labor force and the number of subsistence farms, if so, what is it?
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less people working in agriculture, the richer the country is. lost of farmers-> more subsistence
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where in the world has many wooded areas been deforested to provide beef for hamburgers for fast-food chains in the US
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Brazil and Thailand
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Where does slash and burn agriculture exist in the world?
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tropical rainforests
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Which type of agriculture is primarily found in less developed countries?
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small, family farms that grow vegetables, eggs, corn and fruit. intensive subsistence and plantation.
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define subsistence farming and indicate where in the world it is still prevalent
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subsistence farming-growing enough food to survive,small, family farms that grow vegetables, eggs, corn and fruit. prevalent in LDC's
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Name 3 characteristics of rice production
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1. SE Asia, E. India, SE China 2. labor intensive 3.small plots 4. major food staple of Asia 5. not exported
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which type of agriculture involves the greatest percentage of people in the world today?
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intensive subsistence
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3 characteristics of Extensive agriculture
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1. large, extensive areas 2. few inputs, but heavy machinery usage 3. dependent on natural conditions 4. food value crops
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what was the most important factor in Von Thunen's model of agricultural land use in 1826?
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cost of transportation governs use of land
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why did Von Thunen call his book "The Isolated State"?
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refers to the self contained situation
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in the Von Thunen model ,what does the second concentric circle around the city represent?
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dairy
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What are the concentric circles in order from urban->rural
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city, dairy, forest, cattle/grazing land
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In the Von Thunen model, what product is most likely to locate closest to urban areas?
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market gardening and dairying
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Name 4 reasons why the decline in the number of US farms
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-higher yields of milk per cow -less demand for milk products -increased use of machinery in milk production -increased size of individual dairy heads
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What are two agricultural products prevalent in the Corn Belt?
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hogs and cattle
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name the top 4 wheat exporting countries...
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US, China, Canada and India
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What agricultural product does the USA lead in?
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wheat
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which type of agriculture has increased significantly in the US since 1970?
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chicken and broiler farming
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Mediterranean crops in the US are most likely to be found in which states
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California and Oregon
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Name 4 crops that are typically found in Mediterranean Agriculture...
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olives, grapes, nuts and fruits
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List 2 products typically found in Florida:
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citrus and sugarcane
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List 2 products typically found in the Great Plains:
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winter and spring wheat
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List 2 products typically found in the Midwest:
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corn and soybeans
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List 2 products typically found in the northwest:
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potatoes, fish and mushrooms
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List 2 products typically found in the Southeast
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apples, lettuce and tomatoes
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What is the major form of agriculture in the Southeast US?
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commercial gardening/truck gardening
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Name 3 characteristics of plantation agriculture:
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capital intensive, specialized mono-cropping, large scale
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Name 3 crops of plantation farming that are examples of export-based agriculture:
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bananas, cocoa, coconuts, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rubber and tea
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Brazil produces most of it's ethanol from what crop?
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sugar cane
