Test 1 Review Test Questions – Flashcards
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Types of Microoganisms |
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bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, and fungi; (majority single celled) |
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Viruses |
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can be single or double cellular, genetic parasites, protein-coated, either RNA(only a virus thing) or DNA, cannot reproduce on their own, cannot metabolize (not considered "living") |
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Eukaryotic |
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single-celled organism, true nucleus and organelles; only some considered microorganisms |
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Prokaryotic |
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tiny cells; no true nucleus; all considered microorganisms |
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Photosynthesis |
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the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen |
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Bioremediation |
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process involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants |
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Pathogens |
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any agent (microorganism) that causes disease |
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Organelles |
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double-membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cells; perform specific functions and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts |
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Characteristics of Living Things |
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Reproduction, response to stimuli, obtain & use energy (metabolism), genetic inheritance, evolve/adapt, organized/ordered, cell is basic unit of life |
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Koch's Postulates |
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verified Germ Theory of Disease with his study on anthrax; series of proofs: culture to reproduce in animal to again a pure culture is a proof |
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Levels of Classification |
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Domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species |
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Protozoa |
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Protists; always single-cellular, eukaryotic cells; have cell membrane(not wall); trophozoite(motile feeding stage); cyst (resting stage) |
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Tree of life |
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prokaryotes(earliest cell)-to-eukaryotes; division algae-to-plants and fungi-to-animals-to protists(amoebas) |
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Endosymbiosis |
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(emergence of Eurkaryotic cell) large prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the large cell |
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Fungi |
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microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; have cell wall; most grow in loose colonies (except mycelium) |
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Algae |
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Protist microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; most have cell wall; photosynthesize |
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Helminths |
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Always multicellular (have unicellular larval forms or egg) |
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Cilia |
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(9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; finer, shorter, much more numerous |
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Categorizations of microorganisms |
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cellular organization, prokaryote/eukaryote, size, lifestyle (free-living, (non-)symbiotic |
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Hyphae |
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long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds |
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Flagella |
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(9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; longer, less of |
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Glycocalyx |
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outermost boundary in most eukaryotic cells; direct contact with environment; superior to the cell wall or cell membrane |
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Nucleolus |
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sits for ribosomal RNA synthesis |
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Cytoplasmic Membrane |
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typical bi-layer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded; selectively permeable barriers (products in-waste out) |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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(rough and smooth) tunnels used in transport and storage; SER is a closed tubular without ribosomes |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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appears rough because of large number of ribosomes partly attached to its membrane surface; proteins synthesized on the ribosomes are held there |
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Golgi Apparatus |
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cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to final destinations |
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Lysosome |
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orig. Golgi body; contains enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and protection |
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Chloroplasts |
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Found in plants and algae; organelles capable of converting the energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
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Ribosomes |
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in cytoplasm; protein synthesizers |
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Microscopic fungi types |
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are either yeasts or hyphae |
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heterotrophic |
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(all fungi) relies on nutrients produced by other organic materials called substrates |
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Saprobes |
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(most fungi) obtain substrates (organic material) from the remnants of dead plants and animals |
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mycoses |
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fungal infections |
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mycelium |
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woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that make up the body of mold |
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Septa (septate) |
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dividing cross walls of hyphae segments |
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Sick Building Syndrome |
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fungi that give off airborne spores and toxins that when inhaled can be pathogenic; e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Clodosporium, and Stachybotrys |
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Sporangiospores |
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(asexual spore formation) formed by successive cleavages within a scalike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sprangiophore. These spores are initially enclosed but are released when the sprangium ruptures. |
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Conidiopores (conidia) |
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(asexual spore formation)free spores, not enclosed; develop either by the pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by the segmentation of a preexisting vegetative hypha |
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Dermatophytosis |
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(ringworm/athletes foot) Microsporum, Trichophyton; fungal infection of epidermis, hair, dermis |
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Candidiasis |
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(yeast infection) Candida albicans; fungal infection of mucous membrane |
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Cryptococcosis |
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Cryptococcus neoformans; fungal infection of lung tissue |
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Protists |
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algae and protozoa; survival limited by moisture |
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Giardia lamblia |
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Giardiases (intestinal disease); caused by pathogenic protozoa (animals, water, food) |
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Trichomonas vaginalis |
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Tichomoniasis (vaginal symptoms); pathogenic protozoa (human) |
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Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi |
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Typanosomiasis (intestinal distress and widespread organ damage); pathogenic protozoa (animals, vector-borne) |
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Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae |
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Malaria (cardiovascular and other symptoms) pathogenic protozoa (humans, vector-borne) |
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Parasitic worms |
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flatworms and roundworms(nematodes) |
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Hermaphroditic |
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male and female sex organs are in the same [worm] |
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Taenia solium |
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pork tapeworm (consumption of undercooked or raw pork) |
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Enterobius vermicularis |
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Pinworm (close contact) |
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Capsid |
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(shell) protein covering in viruses; surrounds nucleic acid |
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Nucleocapsid |
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collective term of the nucleic acid and capsid coating |
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Envelope |
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found in 13 families of animal viruses; the extra covering external to the capsid; viruses without are "naked" |
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Spike |
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proteins on the outside of both enveloped and non viruses that allow docking with the host |
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Virion |
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fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell |
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Capsomers |
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subunits of the capsid; individual geometric protein molecules |
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helical |
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rod shaaped capsomers that bond together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet |
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icosahedron |
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3D, 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners; can be made up of different capsomers |
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bacteriophage |
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most often contain double stranded DNA; complex viruses that infect bacteria; look like insect because of spindly tail fibers |
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positive sense RNA |
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single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins |
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Negative Sense RNA |
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other RNA genomes, beyond single stranded, that must be converted to proper form because they can be translated into proteins |
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Retrovirus |
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RNA viruses that can convert their genome into a double stranded DNA that can be inserted into host's chromosomes |
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Polymerase |
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enzyme that produces polymers |
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Polymers |
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macromolecules made up of a chain of repeating units (e.g. DNA, starch, protein) |
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Reverse transcriptase |
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synthesizes DNA from RNA |
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Viridae |
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family suffix for viruses |
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-virus |
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Genus/species suffix for viruses |
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Virales |
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Order suffix for viruses |
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General phases in life cycle of animal viruses |
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adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release from hose cell. |
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adsorption |
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attachment of virus to host by way of receptor sites; in enveloped forms, glycoprotein spikes bind to the cell membrane receptors |
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tropisms |
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because of host range- attack only certain tissue specificities |
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Endocytosis |
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penetration of a cell by a virus where the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle |
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penetration |
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step two for viruses; can happen by edocytosis (engulfment) or direct fusion of viral envelope with the host cell membrane |
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uncoated |
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third step for viral multiplication cylce; viral RNA is freed into the cell cytoplasm |
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Synthesis |
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4th step in VMC; Virus manipulates cell to synthesize new viruses |
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Assembly |
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5th spike proteins are added to cell membrane, nucleocapsid is formed |
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Release |
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6th stage VMC; enveloped viruses bud off with new virus characteristics |
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Prions |
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fibrils; agents of disease; protein virus like qualities |