Test 1 Review Test Questions – Flashcards

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Types of Microoganisms
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bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, and fungi; (majority single celled)
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Viruses
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can be single or double cellular, genetic parasites, protein-coated, either RNA(only a virus thing) or DNA, cannot reproduce on their own, cannot metabolize (not considered "living")
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Eukaryotic
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single-celled organism, true nucleus and organelles; only some considered microorganisms
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Prokaryotic
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tiny cells; no true nucleus; all considered microorganisms
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Photosynthesis
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the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen
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Bioremediation
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process involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
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Pathogens
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any agent (microorganism) that causes disease
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Organelles
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double-membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cells; perform specific functions and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
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Characteristics of Living Things
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Reproduction, response to stimuli, obtain & use energy (metabolism), genetic inheritance, evolve/adapt, organized/ordered, cell is basic unit of life
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Koch's Postulates
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verified Germ Theory of Disease with his study on anthrax; series of proofs: culture to reproduce in animal to again a pure culture is a proof
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Levels of Classification
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Domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species
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Protozoa
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Protists; always single-cellular, eukaryotic cells; have cell membrane(not wall); trophozoite(motile feeding stage); cyst (resting stage)
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Tree of life
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prokaryotes(earliest cell)-to-eukaryotes; division algae-to-plants and fungi-to-animals-to protists(amoebas)
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Endosymbiosis
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(emergence of Eurkaryotic cell) large prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the large cell
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Fungi
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microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; have cell wall; most grow in loose colonies (except mycelium)
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Algae
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Protist microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; most have cell wall; photosynthesize
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Helminths
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Always multicellular (have unicellular larval forms or egg)
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Cilia
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(9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; finer, shorter, much more numerous
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Categorizations of microorganisms
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cellular organization, prokaryote/eukaryote, size, lifestyle (free-living, (non-)symbiotic
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Hyphae
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long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds
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Flagella
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(9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; longer, less of
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Glycocalyx
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outermost boundary in most eukaryotic cells; direct contact with environment; superior to the cell wall or cell membrane
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Nucleolus
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sits for ribosomal RNA synthesis
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Cytoplasmic Membrane
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typical bi-layer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded; selectively permeable barriers (products in-waste out)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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(rough and smooth) tunnels used in transport and storage; SER is a closed tubular without ribosomes
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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appears rough because of large number of ribosomes partly attached to its membrane surface; proteins synthesized on the ribosomes are held there
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Golgi Apparatus
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cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to final destinations
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Lysosome
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orig. Golgi body; contains enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and protection
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Chloroplasts
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Found in plants and algae; organelles capable of converting the energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
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Ribosomes
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in cytoplasm; protein synthesizers
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Microscopic fungi types
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are either yeasts or hyphae
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heterotrophic
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(all fungi) relies on nutrients produced by other organic materials called substrates
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Saprobes
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(most fungi) obtain substrates (organic material) from the remnants of dead plants and animals
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mycoses
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fungal infections
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mycelium
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woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that make up the body of mold
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Septa (septate)
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dividing cross walls of hyphae segments
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Sick Building Syndrome
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fungi that give off airborne spores and toxins that when inhaled can be pathogenic; e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Clodosporium, and Stachybotrys
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Sporangiospores
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(asexual spore formation) formed by successive cleavages within a scalike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sprangiophore. These spores are initially enclosed but are released when the sprangium ruptures.
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Conidiopores (conidia)
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(asexual spore formation)free spores, not enclosed; develop either by the pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by the segmentation of a preexisting vegetative hypha
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Dermatophytosis
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(ringworm/athletes foot) Microsporum, Trichophyton; fungal infection of epidermis, hair, dermis
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Candidiasis
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(yeast infection) Candida albicans; fungal infection of mucous membrane
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Cryptococcosis
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Cryptococcus neoformans; fungal infection of lung tissue
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Protists
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algae and protozoa; survival limited by moisture
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Giardia lamblia
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Giardiases (intestinal disease); caused by pathogenic protozoa (animals, water, food)
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Tichomoniasis (vaginal symptoms); pathogenic protozoa (human)
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Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi
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Typanosomiasis (intestinal distress and widespread organ damage); pathogenic protozoa (animals, vector-borne)
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Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae
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Malaria (cardiovascular and other symptoms) pathogenic protozoa (humans, vector-borne)
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Parasitic worms
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flatworms and roundworms(nematodes)
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Hermaphroditic
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male and female sex organs are in the same [worm]
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Taenia solium
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pork tapeworm (consumption of undercooked or raw pork)
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Pinworm (close contact)
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Capsid
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(shell) protein covering in viruses; surrounds nucleic acid
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Nucleocapsid
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collective term of the nucleic acid and capsid coating
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Envelope
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found in 13 families of animal viruses; the extra covering external to the capsid; viruses without are "naked"
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Spike
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proteins on the outside of both enveloped and non viruses that allow docking with the host
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Virion
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fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell
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Capsomers
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subunits of the capsid; individual geometric protein molecules
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helical
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rod shaaped capsomers that bond together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet
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icosahedron
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3D, 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners; can be made up of different capsomers
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bacteriophage
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most often contain double stranded DNA; complex viruses that infect bacteria; look like insect because of spindly tail fibers
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positive sense RNA
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single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins
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Negative Sense RNA
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other RNA genomes, beyond single stranded, that must be converted to proper form because they can be translated into proteins
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Retrovirus
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RNA viruses that can convert their genome into a double stranded DNA that can be inserted into host's chromosomes
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Polymerase
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enzyme that produces polymers
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Polymers
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macromolecules made up of a chain of repeating units (e.g. DNA, starch, protein)
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Reverse transcriptase
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synthesizes DNA from RNA
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Viridae
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family suffix for viruses
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-virus
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Genus/species suffix for viruses
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Virales
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Order suffix for viruses
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General phases in life cycle of animal viruses
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adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release from hose cell.
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adsorption
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attachment of virus to host by way of receptor sites; in enveloped forms, glycoprotein spikes bind to the cell membrane receptors
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tropisms
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because of host range- attack only certain tissue specificities
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Endocytosis
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penetration of a cell by a virus where the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle
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penetration
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step two for viruses; can happen by edocytosis (engulfment) or direct fusion of viral envelope with the host cell membrane
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uncoated
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third step for viral multiplication cylce; viral RNA is freed into the cell cytoplasm
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Synthesis
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4th step in VMC; Virus manipulates cell to synthesize new viruses
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Assembly
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5th spike proteins are added to cell membrane, nucleocapsid is formed
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Release
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6th stage VMC; enveloped viruses bud off with new virus characteristics
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Prions
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fibrils; agents of disease; protein virus like qualities
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