TCU Geology- Ken Morgan- Test #1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Geology
answer
the science that pursues an understanding of planet Earth
question
What are the two fields of geology
answer
Physical and historical geology
question
Physical Geology
answer
examines the materials and processes that operate on the Earth -materials on the earth/ what we have here not from other planets
question
Historical Geology
answer
seeks an understanding of the origin and development the Earth -wat do the rocks say about forming the planet
question
Origins of Fossils
answer
In 1480, Da Vince found fossils in rocks and thought that they lived and died in the rock -1st person to get real scientific part about fossils -Born somewhere else and fell into mud and got fossilized
question
Origins of Rocks
answer
In the 1780's, James Hutton wrote a book about the origin of rocks -"Origin of rocks" was book -How did this planet form
question
Religion controversy
answer
-Bible is a book of morals and thought the earth was YOUNG in the church -But geology said the earth was OLD
question
Origin of Earth
answer
can be determined by understanding the rocks and fossils
question
the age of the earth came out of the geology because of the controversies about the ____ and _____
answer
planet; sun
question
Age of Earth
answer
The rocks say that the earth is VERY old
question
Bishop James Ussher
answer
in 1654, he determined the earth was created in 4004 b.c. using the names in the bible (started in Genesis) and counting back- his theory became canon or law -earth was 6,000 years old
question
According to Bishop James Ussher the earth was how old?
answer
6,000 years old
question
Cannon (law of the earth)
answer
the earth was 6,000 years old according to Ussher and the bible. It became a law and you cannot violate Cannon because deemed as holy.
question
Charles Darwin (origin of the earth)
answer
wrote his book after observing animals -deemed to hell 1831-1836 he went on the Voyage of the Beagle and then in 1859 he wrote "The Origin of Species", which talked about the ideas of evolution that he created while observing birds with evolving beaks/ and animals -deemed to hell
question
Galileo
answer
noticed the earth is going around the sun during his last years in prison
question
Catastrophism (Cuvier)
answer
The theory was created by Cuvier and the catastrophists believe that the earth was made 6000 years ago when there was a big catastrophe with calamities beyond compare -speed up time or the origin of earth. You're not going to let go of 6,000 years.
question
Uniformitarianism (Hutton)
answer
The theory was created by Hutton and the uniformists believe that the earth is older than 6000 years because when observing earth's changes now, nothing happens fast -origin of the earth takes time (lots of it) -Don't cram time -The things you see today have occurred in the past. -Hutton hired an artist to go around Europe and pain rocks and noticed they didn't change a lot over time
question
Who was the Father of Geology
answer
Chalres Lyell
question
Charles Lyell
answer
"Father of Modern Geology" who wrote the "Principles of Geology", which was the 1st definitive book, in 1830 which talks about how processes happen at different speeds and intensities -saw both sides of catastrophism and uniformitarism -voice of reason that the world processes occurs at different speeds and intensities
question
Nicolas Steno
answer
one of the first to grasp the length of time required to create the geology of the modern world; noted the resemblance of tongue stones to the teeth of a great white shark; -one of the first scientists to consider how objects could become buried in layers of rock; first to realize that layers of rock formed as horizontal strata; claimed that the superposition of strata takes place according to age and that any deviation is due to later alteration, like an earthquake or volcano. Steno's Law of Superposition The horizontal layers represent a time sequence of fossils. (modern geology) -the new on top and old at bottom unless something natural disturbs it --proposed tha ll a rock and minerals were originally fluid and got trapped
question
Madame Curie
answer
Famous female geologist contributed understanding of radioactivity (to treat cancer) and effects on x-ray -DISCOVERED 2 NEW ELEMENTS: 1) polonium 2) Radium -Discovers radioactivity in 1898. Helps date earth by half-lifes of isotopes (losing subatomic particles).
question
Norman Bowen
answer
-revolutionized experimental petrology and our understanding of mineral crystallization by pressure and temperature -a 1920 petrologist who heated rocks in a special oven to discover why there were varying types of igneous rocks
question
Scientific Inquiry
answer
The "research" and "discovery" for geology
question
Scientific Method
answer
1) Gather facts through observation 2) Formulate a hypothesis and theory -There is no FIXED path that leads to scientific truth.
question
What is the bible for geology?
answer
The Grand Canyon
question
The Earth's system is powered by what three things
answer
sun, earth's interior, and moon
question
San Andres Fault
answer
most famous fault in the world located in California
question
The Grand Canyon
answer
"The Bible of Geology"
question
Energy in Colonial America
answer
{1600's- 1750's} Came from wood (forests as far as you could see) and Whale Oil -wood and whale oil were the shit
question
The Industrial Revolution
answer
{1780's-1850's} Steel was very big and so they would burn coal to get steel- lots of coal mining- coal replaces the wood and whale oil of colonial america -COAL IS TH EKING OF TH EWORLD
question
Masmasi Range
answer
the largest iron mine in the world in Virginia and Northern Minnesota
question
Kerosene
answer
discovered in poland in 1850 when he tried to distill oil and turn it into vodka - he didn't know it was oil but when distilled it turned into kerosene
question
Edwin Drake
answer
Titus built in Pennsylvania - 1st oil well in US
question
J.D. Rockefellar
answer
He sold kerosene lamps and became a monopoly in the industry so then he monopolized the oil drilling for his lamps through his company Standard Oil -"king of monopolies"
question
What is the king of energy in 1900
answer
Coal
question
Coal
answer
"King of Energy" in 1900- compaction of everything that collects into a swamp
question
Henry Ford
answer
Model T Car- 1908- Mass production so that everyone can have one , affordable - switched oil usage from kerosene lamps to gas for cars -made cars that ran on gasoline and empowered oil industry
question
Teddy Roosevelt and his stance on monopolies?
answer
1st of the progressive presidents about doing things for the people- "the trust buster"- broke up standard oil into mobil, chevron -common man and for the people
question
Who was the trust buster
answer
Teddy Roosevelt
question
Oliver Willingham Homes
answer
judge that helped bust the trusts and approves the case of separating standard oil
question
Carnegie Mellon
answer
He invested in two new oil companies Texaco and Gulf for texas because they wanted nothing to do with the monopoly of standard oil
question
What companies was standard oil
answer
Exxon, mobile, chevron
question
World War 1 and oil/energy game
answer
1914-1918- oil was needed on the battlefront for tanks and battleships - world became a battleground for oil resources -relied on oil
question
What two major reserves were discovered in 1920s and 30s?
answer
Saudia Arabia and Iraq/ Indonesia and Malaysia
question
Stock Market Crash
answer
oct. 1929- this led to the dust bowl and the great depression
question
What caused Pearl Harbor
answer
Dec. 7th 1941- Japan had no oil and tried to get it from Indonesia but US president blocked it so they got mad and bombed us in Hawaii
question
Who planned Pearl Harbor
answer
Yamamoto
question
Yalta
answer
1945 conference between the big 3- FDR, Winston Churchill and Stalin- here they decided to divide up all the goods on the planet, Russia gets a buffer zone of countries while US and england get the oil in the middle east and Indonesia
question
The Big 3 in Yalta Agreement
answer
FDR (America), Churchill (England), Stallin (russia)
question
the 7 sisters
answer
Exxon, Mobil, Texaco, Gulf, Chevron, British Petroleum, Shell - form a cartel or collection of companies
question
OPEC stands for what?
answer
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1960) -middle east and indonesia -Fraternity countries
question
From 1950-1970s oil and gas was?
answer
cheap because 7 sisters have power $2 per barrel
question
What happens in 1970?
answer
OPEC gains status US shortages Gas lines in US
question
Today what is the playing ground for oil
answer
Iraq and iran
question
Who imports 100% of oil?
answer
Japan
question
Detail of US oil imports
answer
$1bilion a day we are a buyer
question
Solar System
answer
-collection of the sun -nine planets -asteroids, -comets -meteoroids
question
What are the two groups of planets?
answer
Terrestrial and Joven
question
Terrestrial Planets
answer
-earth-like -rocky/dense -smalle size -mercury-mars
question
Jovian Planets
answer
-jupiter-like -gaseous -composed of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia -several moons -icy -liquid planet -jupiter-neptune
question
Pluto
answer
This planet belongs to no group because if we add then we have to add many more like it
question
Nebular Hypothesis
answer
An idea of the evolution of the planets that says that planets were formed a long time ago from condensing gaseous nebula because the dense metallic elements, like iron and nickel, sank toward the centers packing in the gases turning from liquids to solids - for juvian planets there is a strong gravitational pull that keeps the rotating gases into a sort of planet formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles. -iron and nickel toward the center = meteoroid
question
Mercury
answer
innermost planet, second smallest planet -no atmosphere, cratered highlands, vast, smooth terrains -very dense -pounded for years by meteorites hurling toward the sun
question
Venus
answer
-brightest star we can see, -greenhouse gaseous planet, -Atmosphere is 97% carbon dioxide -200- 300 degrees, lava -spewing surface
question
Moon
answer
-Diameter of 2150 miles, -unusually large -compared to its parent -planet, no atmosphere, bombarded by -meteorites, rocks similar -to earth, been starting -to move away , controls our ocean tides -called the "rocky planet"
question
What are the 3 Terrain's on the moon?
answer
1) Maria= "sea" of lava 2) Crater 3) Ejecta = light colored spray
question
What does the moon control?
answer
ocean tides, seasons, stabilizes the earth, and speed of the earth, tilt at 23 degrees
question
Earth
answer
Perfect spot, moon acts as its stabilizer to keep from spiraling off center
question
Capture Theory
answer
theory of the lunar history (history of the moon) that states that two masses collided and then it caused a piece of it to start circling- this is wrong
question
Collision Theory
answer
theory of lunar history that states that a giant mass hit the earth and knocked off a piece that began circling the earth, over time it has been pounded and rounded off
question
Mars
answer
-Called the rocky "red planet", - thin CO2 atmosphere so we would not be able to breathe, -large volcanoes and canyons, -rivlets or drainage patterns show that there is water flow
question
Jupiter
answer
largest planet, rapid rotation, banded appearance which are individual storms that are flying by at 200 miles per hour,the giant red spot is a tornado, atmospheric storms, gaseous-liquid hydrogen
question
Saturn
answer
a planet similiar to jupiter's gaseousness, rings of rock debris, 30 moons, would be able to float in a giant lake
question
Uranus
answer
an icy planet, that rotates on its side like a rolling ball, it has small rings and several large moons
question
Neptune
answer
Ice gaseous planet, one of the windiest places in the solar system, a giant dark spot is a giant storm, 8 moons
question
Pluto
answer
Not visible with an unaided eye, discovered in 1930, the average temperature is -210 degrees celsius, sun looks like a bright star from this planet
question
Comets
answer
The origin of them is not well known and they form at a great distance from the sun. They resemble dirty snowballs of rock debris and ice.
question
Halley's Comet
answer
most famous short-period comet with a 76 year orbital period
question
Halle-Boop Comet
answer
super bright- -unique tail with 2 tails: 1)dust tail - reflection of the light 2) fainter in tail - electrically charged ions
question
Asteroids
answer
origins are uncertain/ they are irregular sizes ranging from super large to teeny dust size, most come from in between mars and jupiter -ic end rocks -collisions occur -they produce meteoroids -orbit around the sun
question
Asteroid Belt
answer
a debris field ring that lies in between mars and jupiter and bridges the giant gap between the two - it was supposed to be a planet but the sun and saturn are pulling it in two different directions not allowing it to assemble
question
Meteorites
answer
Small particle from comet or an asteroid -They can either be classified as irons, stony or stony irons. They are referred to as meteoroids when in space
question
Meteor
answer
enters the earth's atmosphere and vaporizes -called a shoot star
question
Meteorite
answer
a meteoroid that survives it's passage to earth and LANDS
question
What are the classifications for Meteorites?
answer
Iron, Stony Meteorites, Stony Irons
question
Iron Meteorites
answer
These kinds of meteorites are not common because the nickel and iron that make them up dissolve and blow away before being discovered
question
Stony Meteorites
answer
These kinds of meteorites are the most common but hard to identify because they just look like a rock.
question
Stony Irons
answer
These are a mix of iron and stony meteorites and make up only 1% of meteorites picked up on earth.
question
Craters
answer
big indentions in the earth where large meteorites hit -Hard to find now because rivers and glaciers have ruined so many
question
Mineral
answer
Naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure.
question
How many minerals on earth?
answer
4000
question
Manicougan Crater is what??
answer
Canada's ancient crater ring
question
What are minerals made out of of?
answer
atoms
question
Atoms
answer
Made up of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons and electrons that float around the edges on rings
question
Nucleus
answer
Middle Center of the atoms made of neutrons (no charge) and protons (positive charge)
question
Atomic weight or mass
answer
weight of protons(1) and neutrons (1)
question
Electrons
answer
negatively charged and floating around on the outside rings of the atom
question
Periodic Table
answer
Geological Kitchen; made up of 100 elements that are used to create 4000 different minerals
question
What controls bonding
answer
electrons
question
Chemical Bonding
answer
When electrons move and share causing chemical compounds- this is a way for 2 nuclei to link
question
Ionic Bonding
answer
a method of chemical bonding where the electrons are stolen from the outer shells - the element with more electrons in the outer ring takes the lesser amount from the other -octet rule: 2-8-8-8-8 (Halite)
question
Covalent Bonding
answer
a method of chemical bonding where the two elements share their electrons ex: Diamond
question
Octet Rule
answer
a rule in ionic bonding where the first ring can hold 2 electrons, the second and beyond can only hold 8
question
Metallic Bonding
answer
a method of chemical bonding where there is free movement of electrons and it leads to creation of electricity when put into a copper wire -"movement of electrons" electricity=making electrons
question
2 dominant elements in the continental crust making up about 80% or Most common elements found on earth
answer
Oxygen and Silicon
question
What are the mineral groups?
answer
Silicate-most common, contains silicon and oxygen, 90% Non-Silicate minerals - less common, gold, salts, metals and non metals
question
Silicate Minerals
answer
a mineral that contains silicon and oxygen - makes up 90% of the earth's minerals
question
Non-Silicate Minerals
answer
a mineral that does not contain silicon or oxygen - it has two subcategories of metals and non-metals
question
What are the three types of silicate structures?
answer
All Tetrahedrons 1) chains (single) 2) Double 3) Sheets
question
Igneous Rocks
answer
a type of rock group that means "fire"- they are from molten hot liquid minerals
question
What is the origin of igneous rocks?
answer
liquid hot molten materials (magma)
question
Bowen's Reaction Series
answer
it is a sequence to when things will crystalize based on temperature that the minerals melts and cools (1st olivine - last quartz)
question
magma consists of mainly
answer
silicate
question
What are the minerals that make up Granite
answer
1) quartz 2) micah 3) Silicate (Feld spar)
question
Granite is what kind of rock
answer
Igneous
question
Intrusive
answer
a slow cooling process that produces big crystals in igneous rocks
question
Extrusive
answer
a fast cooling process where the minerals don't have time to find each other and meld together so it forms smaller crystals
question
What are Phaneritic rocks (texture)
answer
Igneous texture- large crystals- slow cooling -intrusive
question
What are Aphanitic rocks (texture)
answer
Igneous texture- small crystals- fast cooling - extrusive
question
What are Glassy rocks (texture)
answer
Igneous texture- chilled so quickly it made it look like glass- ex. obsidian
question
What is texture in igneous rocks infer?
answer
crystal size
question
What is Pegmatitic texture?
answer
Igneous texture- huge minerals, look like piles of completely seperate crystals - super super super slow cooling process
question
What is Porphyritic texture?
answer
Igneous texture- small and large crystals in one rock- two stages of cooling
question
Intrusive rock examples?
answer
Granite, Diorite, Gabbro
question
Extrusive rock examples?
answer
Rhyolite, Andesite, Basalt (no quartz)
question
Felsic (color)
answer
Igneous Color- light in color - noticeable quartz and lighter minerals
question
Mafic (color)
answer
Igneous color- very dark, no noticeable quartz or light minerals
question
What is the pacific ocean known as in terms of volcanoes
answer
Ring of Fire
question
What is at the center of a volcano
answer
a central vent
question
What are pyroclastic features
answer
fiery pieces that fly out of the volcano sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitro acid, and temperature
question
What are Dikes?
answer
A volcano went off miles away and the lava found a crack and oozed down to fill that crack or fisher with a wall of lava rock -wall looking structure
question
What are Sills?
answer
A volcano went off miles away and the lava oozed up in between two horizontal layers and hardened into rock
question
What is the significance of Ship Rock, New Mexico
answer
just the central vent is left, volcano eroded away and is missing
question
What are the 3 types of volcanoes
answer
Cinder Composite Shield
question
Cinder
answer
A small volcano that is really explosive and the rock that is formed in ryhalite
question
Composite
answer
A medium volcano that is home to lots of ski resorts in the rocky mountains- indosite is the volcanic rock found here -andesite
question
Shield
answer
A very large volcano that keeps a low profile because it is so spread out- it just bubbles over very hot lava when it erupts (Hawaii) Basalt - very liquid makes very flat land
question
Vasuvius
answer
the volcano that errupted in 79 A.D in pompeii when ash covered the whole city
question
Krakatoa
answer
the volcano that erupted in 1883 where 36,000 people drowned in the indian ocean- it is still active
question
Mt. pelee
answer
the volcano that erupted in 1902 where 30,000 people drowned in the caribbean islands near a shore
question
Mt. Saint Helens and what type of volcano?
answer
the volcano that erupted in 1980 -composite
question
Extreme Volcanos
answer
Shield volcanos that are super extreme with magma beyond belief- the madam is less that 5 miles down and there are only about 3 on the planet - ex. yellowstone volcano
question
What is the primary mover of sediment
answer
water
question
Sedimentary rocks tell us???
answer
what is happening on the surface
question
sedimentary is.... and ______
answer
eroded materials, biochemical rocsk
question
Clastic/ Detrital Rocks?
answer
Sediment punch of little pieces of rock that settle and cemented together - ex. shale, sandstone, conglomerate
question
What are the chemical/biochemical rocks?
answer
limestone, coquina, chert, chalk, coal from ocean
question
Shale
answer
the sedimentary rock name for mud- hardened mud in the bottom of moderately deep water like an ocean
question
Sandstone
answer
the sedimentary rock that is made of sand or quartz- the sand hardens into this rock in shallow water
question
Conglomerate
answer
the sedimentary rocks that is a patchwork of all pieces of rocks that are the size of softballs to tiny bb's
question
Limestone
answer
a type of chemical/biochemical sedimentary rock that is calcite that has been moved to a really deep river or ocean and pressured into rock when the water subsided
question
Coquina
answer
a type of chemical/biochemical sedimentary rock that is a collection of little animals shells that looks like cereal
question
Chalk
answer
a type of chemical/biochemical sedimentary rock that is a collection of crushed shells too small to see
question
Chert
answer
a type of chemical/biochemical sedimentary rock that is silica that was percipitated in an ocean
question
Coal
answer
a type of chemical/biochemical sedimentary rock that is formed on the surface in a swamp full of organic plant material that has piled up
question
Stages of Coal Formation
answer
1. Swamp 2. Peat 3. Lignite 4. Bitumnious 5. Anthracite
question
Peat
answer
compressed altered plant material
question
Lignite
answer
soft brown coal that is moderate and baby coal
question
Bitumnious
answer
the most common kind, more carbon per cubic meter
question
Anthracite
answer
the highest compression of coal - we burn carbon from this -used in industry
question
Diamond
answer
completely compacted coal
question
Where does oil come from?
answer
created when plankton die and float into the bottom mud of the ocean, which becomes shale, and the decay of the carbon material produces this
question
Sedimentary Facies
answer
sandstone, shale, limestone (indicates water rose)
question
What is transgression?
answer
Water getting deeper limestone shale sandstone
question
What is regression?
answer
Water getting shallower sandstone shale limestone
question
Soil
answer
a history of weathering and erosion of rocks - product of mineral decay
question
United States
answer
which country has the capacity to feed the entire world- aka bred basket of the world
question
Physical Weathering
answer
pushing, shoving and cracking of rocks- also known as mechanical weathering
question
Chemical Weathering
answer
chemistry at work to dissolve minerals - ex. oxidation, leaching, hydrolysis
question
What are soil groups?
answer
Pedocals and Pedalfers
question
What are Pedocal soils?
answer
a general soil group that is rich in calcium so it is found in areas with less rainfall such as W. of the Mississippi
question
What are Pedalfer soils?
answer
a general soil group that is low in calcium so it is found in places with lots of rainfall to wash the calcium away and leaves lots of iron such as E. of the Mississippi red soil
question
Diagenisis
answer
the only method a sedimentary rock is formed when something erodes the rock, the soil is transported, deposited in sand, clay or line and solidifies to become a rock History of rock formation
question
What types of rocks are associated with diagenesis?
answer
Sedimentary
question
What are metamorphic rocks?
answer
Pre-existing rocks that get altered or changed over time Homebase is igneous or sedimentary Rocks changed through geological time
question
Metamorphic Agents of Formation
answer
heat and pressure or hot fluids
question
What are the three processes of metamorphic processes
answer
1) Mechanical deformation 2) Recrystallization - partially mets and re freezes 3) Recombination- two melted and join together
question
Mechanical Deformation
answer
the squeezing and crushing of rocks in the metamorphic process
question
Recrystalization
answer
a metamorphic process where hot fluids cause the rocks to melt and cool with added crystals
question
Recombination
answer
a metamorphic process where two rocks are heated and partially melt together and cool bonded
question
Contact Metamorphism
answer
little metaphorphism , very localized small, contact heat or pressure that affects a small park size area in the metamorphic process- the is localized magma coming up and baking the rocks above it
question
Regional Metamorphism
answer
a very big event or area that is metamorphosed or altered over time through baking, heating, melting and squeezing
question
Index Minerals
answer
these minerals are metamorphic through the process of indexing or boxing in with temperature or pressure
question
Foliated
answer
a classification of metamorphic rock where the rocks are squeezed enough that the little minerals begin to line up in an oriented fashion- clearly visible alteration- ex. slate, schist, gneiss
question
Range to foliation
answer
low =shale to slate mid =schist (garnets high = granite to gneiss
question
Nonfoliated
answer
a classification of metamorphic rock where you cannot see the altered orientation in the rock - ex. marble, quartzite
question
Rock Cycle
answer
magma->igneous->sedimentary->metamorphic->magma
question
What are the importance of metamorphic rocks
answer
earth forces rare minerals industry uses
question
Food, Energy, Water
answer
the 3 major resources
question
Petroleum
answer
largest source of energy the united states
question
Edwin Drake
answer
Discovered the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859
question
Cable Tool
answer
the first oil drilling technique where a pulley with a motor would pull up a super sharp steel rod and then would just let it fall to break the shale
question
Hughes Rotary Bit
answer
created by Howard Hughes in 1909 this drilling technique involved a rotating bit that would grind its way into the center of the earth while admitting fluid to keep the rocks lubricated
question
Horizontal Drilling
answer
this drilling technique created by George Mitchell here in Ft. Worth involves drilling horizontally so that you stay in the pocket of oil
question
Barnett Shale
answer
the mother load of shale that is spread out underneath the united states
question
Hydraulic Fracturing
answer
this is a drilling technique that stays inside the formation of rocks so that it is not destructive. Lots of water is emitted and is recycled.
question
Electric Cars
answer
This kind of car uses batteries and electric motors and requires 10 lbs. of REM
question
Rare Earth Minerals
answer
a resource that is only manufactured in china and each pound manufactured produces 1 lb of radioactive liquid waste
question
Wind Turbines
answer
the united states is a leader in this type of energy. Each one of these requires 1000 lbs. of REM
question
Laws of Energy or Thermodynamics
answer
1. there is no free energy on this earth 2.with an energy usage there is pollution 3. you must use energy
question
Fukashima
answer
a nuclear power plant that was developed along a fault line and when the fault slipped the plant exploded
question
What are the three sedimentary rocks?
answer
sandstone, shale, limestone
question
EDF
answer
-stands for environmentally friendly drilling -water recycling and recovery -air (vapor units)
question
natural gas is from.....
answer
shales
question
US 2014 what happened
answer
Became the largest oil producer in the world
question
______ is the leader in Wind Turbines
answer
TX
question
Electric cars need ______ REM
answer
10 pounds
question
Wind Turbines need ______ REM
answer
1000 pounds
question
Rare earth materials come from where
answer
China
question
1lb or REM =
answer
1lb or radioactive liquid waste
question
What are two options of radioactive liquid waste
answer
forium and uranium
question
Who is against US energy exports?
answer
Russia and OPEC
question
Who does the US export natural gas to?
answer
Mexico City
question
US today uses what technique
answer
Fracking
question
The world uses how much global energy
answer
50 quads
