Study Guide: Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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Cell Theory
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Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
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Cell Theory
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Organismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of life
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Cell Theory
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Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by cellular structure
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Cell Theory
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Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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Plasma Membrane
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- separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids - regulates entry and exit of materials
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Cytomplasm
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- cellular region between nuclear and plasma membrane - contains cytosol (fluid), organelles, inclusions (stored nutrients, secretory products, pigment)
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Mitochondria
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- double membrane structure with self-like cristae - provide most of cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration - contains own DNA and RNA
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Ribosomes
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- granules containing protein and rRNA - site of protein synthesis - free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins - membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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- "network within the cytoplasm" - interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae (fluid-filled cavities)
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Rough ER
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- external surface studded with ribosomes - ribosomes manufacture all proteins secreted from cell - cell's "membrane factory" because responsible for the synthesis of integral proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
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Smooth ER
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- Tubules arranged in a looping network - Catalyzes the following reactions in various organs of the body: liver, testes, intestinal cells, skeletal/cardiac muscle
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Liver
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lipid and cholesterol metabolism; breakdown glycogen; detoxification of drugs------Smooth ER catalyzes
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Testes
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synthesis of steroid-based hormones------Smooth ER catalyzes
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intestinal cells
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absorption, synthesis, transport fats ------Smooth ER catalyzes
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skeletal/cardiac muscle
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storage/release of calcium ------Smooth ER catalyzes
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Golgi Apparatus
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- stacked and flattened membranous sacs - functions in modification, concentration, packaging proteins - transport vessels for ER, fuse with the cis face of the______ - Proteins that pass through the ________ to the trans face - secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the ____ stack and move to designated parts of the cell
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Lysosomes
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- spherical membranes bags contain enzymes - digest ingested bacteria, viruses, toxins - degrade nonfunctional organelles - breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone - secretory ______ found in white blood cells, immune cells, melanocytes
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Endomembrane System
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- system of organelles that function: produce, store, export biological molecules; degrade potentially harmful substances -includes: nuclear envelope, smooth/rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, plasma membrane
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Peroxisomes
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- membranous sacs have oxidases and catalases - detoxify harmful/ toxic substance - neutralize dangerous free radicals
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Cystoskeleton
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- "skeleton of cell" - consists of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
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Microtubules
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- Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin - Determine overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
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Microfilaments
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- strands of protein actin - attached to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane - strength/brace cell surface - attach to CAMs, function in edocytosis/ exocytosis
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Intermediat filaments
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- part of cytoskeleton - resist pulling forces on cell and help form desmosomes
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Centrioles
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- pinwheel of 9 triplet of microtubules - organize mitotic spindle during mitosis - bases of cilla and flagella
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Nucleus
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- contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin - Gene- containing control center of cell - contains genetic library of all cellular proteins - tells what proteins need to be synthesized
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Nuclear Envelope
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- double membrane barrier containing pores - enclosed jellylike nucleoplasm has essential solutes - Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules in/out of nucleus
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Nucleoli
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- dark circle of body in nucleus - site of ribosomes production
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Chromatin
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- DNA constitutes the genes - threadlike material made of DNA/histone proteins
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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- Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins - Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids *see diagram
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Glycolipids
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lipids which bond carbohydrate
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Phospolipids
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have hydrophilic/phobic bipoles
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Microvilli
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- minute fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane - increase plasma membrane surface area hugely
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Tight Junction
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- impermeable junction that encircles cells
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Desmosome
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anchoring junction scattered along sides of cells
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Gap Junction
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- nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells...junction
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Passive Membrane Transport
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- H20, Cl-, Fat, O2, Co2, Glucose - energy not required-----diffusion
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Active Membrane Transport
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- Na+, K+, Amino Acids, steroid - energy required---assisted by enzymes - energy ATP -Primary Active Transport -Secondary Active transport
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Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
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- anchor cells to the extracellular matrix - assist in movement of cell past on another - rally protective white blood cells to injured or infected areas
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Membrane receptors
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Contact Signaling, Electrical signaling, chemical signaling
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Contact Signaling
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- important in normal development and immunity =some bacteria use this signaling to identify target organ -the actual coming together and touching of cells, means by which cells recognize one another - membrane receptor
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Electrical Signaling
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- certain plasma membrane proteins are channel proteins that respond to changes in membrane potential by opening/close channel - voltage-regulated "ion gates" in nerve and muscle tissue - membrane receptor
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Chemical Signaling
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neurotransmitters bind to chemically gated channel-linked receptors in nerve and muscle tissue - membrane receptor
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Mitotic Phase
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Prophase Metophase Anaphase Telophase
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Interphase
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G1 S G2
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G1
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metabolic activity and vigorous growth....cell cycle
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S
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synthesis for DNA.........cell cycle
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G2
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preparation for division......cell cycle
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Prophase
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1st step - centrioles move to poles - spindle fibers start to form - chromatin condense into chromosomes - nuclear envelope breaks down
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Metophase
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2nd step - chromosomes meet in middle (equator)
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Anaphase
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3rd step - chromosomes split and move to opposite poles (sides)
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Telophase
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4th step - two distinct nuclei, nuclear envelope reforms chromosomes unwind into chromatin
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mRNA
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- carries genetic info from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm -messenger
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tRNA
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- bound amino acid base pair with codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis -transfer *see diagram
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rRNA
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- a structural component of ribosomes -ribosomal
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Transcription
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transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA
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Translation
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language of nucleic acids translated to language of proteins
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Simple diffusion
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- movement of molecules (driven by kinetic energy) down a concentration gradient - Fat soluble solutes can diffuse directly through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid *passive transport
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Facilitated diffusion
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-passive movement of certain solutes across the membrane either by their binding with a membrane carrier protein or by their moving through a membrane channel -kinetic energy *passive transport
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Osmosis
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diffusion of a solvent (water) through a selectively permeable membrane -water diffuses through membrane pores (aquaporins) or directly through the lipid part of the membrane from a solution of lesser osmolarity to a solution of greater osmolarity ---particles move from crowded area to not crowded area = water becomes more equal with even # particles =more particles on 1 side higher water level *passive transport
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Hypertonic
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- water moves out of the cells
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Isotonic
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- water enters and exits the cells at the same rate
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Hypotonic
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-water moves into the cells
