Statistics for Health Science – Flashcards
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a variable that can be separated into a category or group(non-numeric).
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qualitative data
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a variable that can be represented as numbers such as counts or measurements.
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quantitative data
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when the number of a variable is a finite number or a "countable" number.
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discrete data
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when the number representing a variable has infinite possible values on a continuous scale.
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continuous data
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data can be organized into categories only. the data can not be arrange in an ordering scheme.
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nominal level of measurement
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data can be ordered, however differences between values cannot be determined or is meaningless.
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ordinal level of measurement
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data can be ordered and the differences between values can be determined and are meaningful. however, there is not a true or natural zero in the measurement scale.
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interval level of measurement
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data can be ordered and the differences between values can be determined and are meaningful. there is a true or natural zero in the measurement scale.
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ratio level of measurement
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cannot be preformed on data that is at the nominal or ordinal level of measurement.
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parametric statistics
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can be preformed on data that is at the nominal or ordinal level of measurement. may also be appropriate when interval or ratio data do not meet the required assumptions for parametric statistics.
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nonparametric statistics
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a continuous variable that is symmetrically distributed around the mean yielding a bell-shaped curve.
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normal distribution
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the study of how to collect, organize, analyze and interpret numerical information from data.
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statistics
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a person or object included in a study
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individual
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a characteristic of the individual that can be measured , observed and/or manipulated
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variable
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a group that includes every individual of interest.
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population
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a select group of individuals from a population (not all individuals).
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sample
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a collection of variable(s) from an entire population.
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census
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a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of an entire population.
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parameter
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a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample.
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statistic
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each individual of a population has an qual chance of being selected.
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random sample
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each individual of a population does not have an equal chance of being selected.
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non-random sample
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the difference between the sample value and the actual population value that is a result of normal random sampling variation.
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sampling error
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differences between the sample value and the actual population value that are a result of 1) incorrectly recored data. 2) incorrectly analyzed data. 3) biased sampling (non-random sampling).
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non-sampling error
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the sample is selected from individuals readily available and/or individuals that agree to participate. non-random sampling.
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convenience sampling
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the population is divided into groups or "strata" and random samples are drawn from each group. equal numbers of the groups.
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stratified sampling
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the population is arranged in sequential order and a random starting point is selected. you then select every individual.
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systematic sampling
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the population is divided into sections or clusters and some of the clusters are randomly selected. you then select every individual in the selected cluster for your sample.
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cluster sampling
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the rate of occurrence for particular measure or characteristic.
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frequency
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a bar graph with the x-axis representing the measure or characteristic and the y-axis representing the frequency of occurrence.
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frequency histogram
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the ratio of occurrence for a particular measure or characteristic.
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percentage
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often use to graphically represent percentages.
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pie charts
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observation and measurement of variables without any investigator initiated intervention or manipulation of variables.
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observational studies
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the investigator applies an intervention or treatment to the subjects and then observes and measures the outcome.
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experimental studies
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observation of a single subject or a small number of subjects. usually descriptive.
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case study
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data collected at a single point in time or over a relatively short period of time (less than a year)
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cross-sectional study
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use of existing data. you are not collecting new information.
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retrospective study
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a longitudinal study with the purpose of collecting data over time (> 1year) usually on a predefined cohort of participates.
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prospective study
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compares one group of individuals to a separate group of individuals
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between groups
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compares a single group of individuals to themselves
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within-group (repeated measures)
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an inert treatment or procedure that should not influence the variables being measured in a study.
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placebo
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a group that does not receive the intervention or experimental treatment.
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control group
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when all groups in a study at some point receive both placebo and experimental treatment.
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cross-over design
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when the subjects do not know if they are in the treatment group or placebo group.
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single blind
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when groups in a study, such as treatment and placebo, are randomly selected from the subject pool.
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random group assignment
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when the order subjects receive an intervention, such as treatment and placebo, is randomly determined.
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random trial assignment
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the reproducibility or dependability of a measure.
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reliability
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the closeness of repeated measurements to each other.
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precision
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measurement by person 1 compared to person 2
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interrater
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measurements by person 1 compared to person 1
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intrarater
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one instrument used to repeatedly measure the same sample.
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test-retest
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the internal validity of a measure determines the accuracy of the measurement
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validity
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the closeness of a measurement to the actual or "true" value.
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accuracy
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the ability to generalize measurements from a study to the greater population.
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external validity
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sum the values of a data set and divide by the number of values.
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mean
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the middle value of a data set when the values are arranged in increasing or decreasing order.
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median
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the value of a data set that occurs most frequently.
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mode
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the distribution of the data set values around the mode.
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skewness
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the mean and median are equal to the mode.
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symmetric (zero skewness)
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the mean and median values are less than the mode.
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negatively skewed (skewed to the left)
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the mean and median values are greater than the mode.
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positively skewed (skewed to the right)
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the difference between the largest and smallest values of a distribution
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range
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a measure of the average variation of the data values from the mean.
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standard deviation
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the square of the standard deviation
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variance
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for data sets that have an approximate bell-shaped distribution.
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empirical rule
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a stand score representing the number of standard deviations that a given value x is above or below the mean.
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z-score
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a measurement of the relative variability of data.
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coefficient of variation
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a numerical measurement of the likelihood or chance of an event occurring
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probability
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a collection of outcomes or results of a procedure.
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event
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an outcome or result of a procedure that can not be broken down into simpler components.
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simple event
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all the possible simple events for a procedure.
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simple space
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as the sample size increases, the relative frequencies of outcomes get closer to the theoretical probability value.
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law of large numbers
