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Leif Eriksson

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a Norwegian explorer, son of Erik the red, was the first European to explore the Americas.

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Henry the Navigator

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the King of Portugal who established a school of navigation and financed trips of exploration.

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astrolabe

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a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship's location by charting the position of the stars.

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caravels

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ships that used triangular sails to sail against the wind, and had rudders to improve steering.

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Christopher Columbus

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an Italian explorer, he was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean. He gained the support of Spain's monarchs and commanded a small fleet that reached the so called New World, setting off a tide of European exploration of the area.

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The Line of Demarcation

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was a boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World.

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The Treaty of Tordesillas

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in 1494 was a treaty between Spain and Portugal that moved the Line of Demarcation.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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a Portuguese captain of a Spanish fleet that sought a western route to Asia via the "Southern Ocean", he found a passage through South America, now known as the Strait of Magellan, but died during the expedition. His crew of 18 people with one remaining ship successfully circumnavigated the world.

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Circumnavigate

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means to travel all the way around the globe.

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The Columbian Exchange

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was the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa.

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A conquistador

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was a Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain.

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Hernan Cortes

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was a conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

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Moctezuma II

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was an emperor of Mexico's Aztec, who welcomed explorer Cortes as a god, but was later taken prisoner by him and killed.

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Francisco Pizarro

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was a Spanish conquistador who sailed with Balboa on the discovery of the Pacific Ocean he later pursued rumors of golden cities in the Andes Mountains of South America and conquered the Inca Empire.

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The encomienda system

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was a system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and converting them to Christianity.

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Bartolome de Las Casas

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was a Spanish missionary and historian he became the first ordained Catholic priest in the New World and advocated for the welfare and protection of Native Americans as well as preached against the slavery system.

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Protestant Reformation

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was a religious movement begun by Martin Luther and other in 1517 to reform the Catholic Church.

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Protestants

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were reformers who protested certain practices of the Catholic Church.

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The Spanish Armada

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was a large Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588

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The Northwest Passage

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was a nonexistent path through North America that early explorers searched for that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

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Jacques Cartier

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was a French navigator who made three voyages to Canada for France. He explored the St. Lawrence River

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A charter

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was an official document that gives a person the right to establish a colony.

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Immunity

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having a natural resistance to disease

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The Middle Passage

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was a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

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African Diaspora

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was the population of displaced Africans and their descendants around the world

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The first Europeans to make contact with North America were the _.

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Vikings

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_built a navigation school to teach better methods of sailing and paid for voyages of exploration.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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Europeans wanted to find a sea route to Asia for many reasons. Not only did they want Asian spices, but ___ in Europe wanted to convert more people to their faith.

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Christians

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____ discovered a sea route from Europe to Asia by sailing around Africa's Cape of Good Hope.

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Vasca da Gama

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One tool that aided exploration by sea was the ___ , a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship's location by charting the position of the stars.

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astrolabe

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When Christopher Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas, he thought had found a new route to Asia. Tf

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true

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Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas to divide the land and wealth found in the New World between the two countries. tf

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true

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The first voyage to sail completely around the world was headed by Vasco Núñez de Balboa. tf

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false, Ferdinand Magellan

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When Columbus landed on Hispaniola, he met a group of Native Americans called the Taino. tf

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true

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Plants, animals, and even diseases were part of the Columbian Exchange.

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true

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conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

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Francisco Pizarro

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Spanish system that gave settlers the right to tax Native Americans or make them work

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encomienda system

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soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas

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conquistadors

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Spanish priest who defended the rights of Native Americans

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Bartolomé de Las Casas

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conquistador who captured Moctezuma II and seized control of the Aztec Empire

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Hernán Cortés

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large farms that used slave labor and often grew only one type of crop

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plantations

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enslaved African who traveled the Southwest with explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

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Estevanico

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The Protestant Reformation aimed to __________ the Catholic Church. simplify endorse stereotype enlarge

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simplify

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__________, a new technology, helped the Protestant Reformation to spread. astrolabe gun powder printing press stirrups

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printing press

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Sir Walter Raleigh founded the colony of Virginia after receiving a ________, or a grant to set up a colony, from the queen of England. permission slip charter writ of habeas corpus pledge

answer

charter

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Explorers like John Cabot and Jacques Cartier hoped to find a water route through North America that would link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They called this undiscovered water route the __________. Hudson Route Transcontinental Way Northwest Passage Saint Lawrence Seaway

answer

Northwest Passage

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Which of the following countries did NOT establish an empire in North America between 1492 and 1700? Great Britain Spain France Russia

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Russia

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Why did European colonists need a new labor force in the Americas? Native Americans did not want to work for Europeans. European diseases had wiped out a large percentage of the Native American population. European colonists needed a highly skilled workforce. The wars of conquest had killed off most of the working-age Native American men and women.

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European diseases had wiped out a large percentage of the Native American population.

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Who did plantation owners decide should be their new labor force? Europeans accused of crimes indentured servants slaves from West Africa enslaved Asians

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slaves from West Africa

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What was the voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas called? Triangular Trade Middle Passage Slave Trade Columbian Exchange

answer

Middle Passage

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What do historians call the scattering of Africans from their homelands to the New World? Columbian Exchange the Trail of Tears the slave trade the African Diaspora

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African Diaspora

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Which of the following outlets provided a refuge for enslaved Africans? religion family music and dance all of the above

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all of the above

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Which of the following best illustrates the process known as the Columbian Exchange? A Christopher Columbus sailed west to reach Asia and encountered the Americas. B Corn and tomatoes were introduced to Europe from America. C Asian goods moved long distances along the Silk Road to reach Europe. D Advances in technology allowed sailors to better navigate on the open seas.

answer

B Corn and tomatoes were introduced to Europe from America

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The decimation of the native population of the Americas and the need for plantation labor resulted in the A encomienda system. B establishment of religious tolerance. C transatlantic slave trade. D Columbian Exchange.

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C transatlantic slave trade

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The desire to convert people to Christianity and the demand for Asian trade goods led to A increased interest in exploration. B the Renaissance. C the conquest of the Americas. D efforts to end the slave trade.

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A increased interest in exploration

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Spain's empire in the Americas included which of the following? A New York B Virginia C Mexico D Canada

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C Mexico

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Which of the following established colonies in North America? A the Portuguese B the Dutch C the Greeks D the Romans

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B the Dutch

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The voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas was known as the A Northwest Passage. B African Diaspora. C triangular trade. D Middle Passage

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D Middle passage

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Bartolomeu Dias

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led an expedition from Portugal southward along the African coast, and as a result of a storm his ships found the Southern tip of Africa known as the Cape of Good Hope

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Amerigo Vespucci

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In 1501 led a Spanish fleet to the coast of present-day South America, believed he had found a new world. Americas are named after him

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Vasco Nunez de Balboa

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Discovered pacific ocean in 1513 as a result of a dangerous and tough journey

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Spanish Empire

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Defeated the Aztec and Inca Empires through superior weaponry. Government ruled through a system of royal officials. The new territories of New Spain were Central America, much of South America, Mexico, and the southern part of what is now the United States. They forced harsh labor on the Native Americans and later the enslaved Africans after the Native Americans died from vulnerability to the European diseases.

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Juan Ponce de Leon

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In 1508 discovered Puerto Rico and was appointed as governor of the colony, in 1512 colonized present-day Florida, and tried to find the mythical Fountain of Youth, but failed.

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Hernando de Soto

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explored coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico, led his men through what is now Georgia and the Carolinas, crossed the Appalachian Mountains, discovered the Mississippi River in 1541, and traveled into present-day Oklahoma but died in 1542

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Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Panfilo de Narvaez, and Estevancio

answer

Went through Florida panhandle and eventually reached the Mississippi River along the Gulf of Mexico. They were shipwrecked on on island in present-day Texas. They were enslaved by Native Americans and after six years escaped and went south to Spanish settlements in Mexico. Da Vaca eventually returned to Spain where he called for better treatment of the Native Americans.

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Cornado

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trekked though the American Southwest trying to find the fabled city of gold

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Henry Hudson

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Tried to find Northwest Passage, and found a huge bay (Hudson Bay) trying to find Pacific Ocean.

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English Empire

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Set up colonies in what is now the eastern United States, and in what is now Canada.

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French Empire

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Many were fur traders,set up outposts on the Great Lakes and on the Mississippi River, negotiated well with the Native American, respected them, and traded with them

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Rene-Robert de La Salle

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followed the Mississippi river to the gulf of Mexico and claimed the Mississippi Valley Region for France. He named the region Louisiana

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Dutch and Swedish Empires

answer

set up settlements in what is now the Northeastern United States, and fur traded.

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Portuguese Empire

answer

Made explorations to Africa, Asia, and South America. Their explorations had major effects such as the start of Atlantic slave trade, increased warfare among kingdoms, increased wealth from trading, and the sharing of ideas

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