Sports Medicine Test #2 (Chapter 12) – Flashcards
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Inflammatory Response
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5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: - redness - heat - swelling - pain - loss of function misconception: inflammation is bad
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Stages of Injury
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- acute: 0-4 days + inflammation - subacute: 4-14 days + formation of new scar tissue, inflammation decreases - chronic: >14 days + overuse; repeated, relatively low-intensity forces **stages should be defined by progress of injury, NOT number of days post-injury
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Modalities
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Invention used to heal someone - cryotherapy: cold therapy - thermotherapy: heat therapy - electrical: electricity - mechanical: force to outside (compression, massage) Modality is not the focus, it is part of overall rehab plan
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Indication
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specific situation in which a procedure should be used because it can be beneficial to the patient - ex. an indication for asprin is pain
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Contraindication
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specific situation in which a procedure should NOT be used, because it may be harmful to the patient - ex. contraindication for massage is fracture
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Cryotherapy
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- therapeutic use of cooling agents - used for: - pain reduction - CONTROL swelling -tissue recovery - indication: acute injuries (swelling), acute or chronic pain, post-surgery
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Physiological Response to Cryotherapy
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- Vasoconstriction: decreased blood flow (control swelling) - decreased cell metabolism - decreased nerve conduction velocity (nerve firing from the brain slows down)
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Acute Injury Technique
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Rest- loss of function Ice- controls swelling and reduces pain Compression- reduces swelling Elevation- reduces swelling Support- brace, cast, tape, crutch
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Types of Cryotherapy
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- Ice Packs (minimum 25 minutes) - Ice Massage (10 minutes): water frozen in a paper cup, then peeled off - Cold Water Compression: application of cold and compression simultaneously - Ice Baths (most effective 8-10 minutes): immersion in a bucket of ice water (55 F)
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Cold Sensations
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order of sensations when one receives cryotherapy - cold: 0-3 minutes into treatment - burning: 3-5 minutes into treatment - aching: 5-8 minutes into treatment - numbness: 8 minutes-end of treatment
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Contraindication/Precautions for Cryotherapy
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- sensory deficits: have no feeling in part of body - hypersensitivity to cold - impaired circulation - cold allergy: not allergic to ice, but to cold temperatures
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Thermotherapy
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- therapeutic use of heating agents - used for: - pain reduction - promotion of healing - increase range of motion - muscle relaxation - indications: chronic injuries, chronic pain
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Physiological Response to Thermotherapy
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- Vasodilation: increased blood flow - increased cell metabolism - oxygenates tissue (oxygen promotes healing) **not for acute injuries: heat increases swelling if it's already swollen
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Types of Thermotherapy
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- hydrocollator packs (maximum 10 ish minutes): moist hot packs kept in heated stainless steel container filled with hot water (160 F) - hot whirlpool (maximum 10 ish minutes): similar to ice immersion, but with hot water (95-100 F) - Paraffin Wax: uses heated wax to heat a distal extremity
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Contraindications/Precautions for Thermotherapy
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- acute injuries - impaired circulation - areas of diminished sensation - heat intolerance
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Contrast Therapy
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- uses alternating hot and cold water baths - used for subacute injuries (4-14 days after injury) - control swelling and decrease pain (ice) - increases range of motion (heat) Contraindications - acute injuries: promote swelling - contraindications for both cryotherapy and thermotherapy - can use on chronic, but most beneficial with subacute
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Therapeutic Ultrasound
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- deep-heating modality (up to 5 cm) - uses high-frequency sound waves to heat tissues - ultrasonic beam created by a crystal located in the transducer head - energy is converted from electrical to sound energy, then it hits bones, goes in all different direction, which creates friction, which is heat
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4 Must Do's for Therapeutic Ultrasound
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1. a coupling agent must be applied (provides a medium by which sonic waves can penetrate the skin) 2. treatment area should be less than 2x size of transducer head 3. transducer head must be on patient at all times 4. transducer head should always be moving minimum 5 minutes
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Contraindications/Precautions for Ultrasound
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- should not be used over the eyes, heart, skull, genitals, abdominopelvic area, and fracture sites - same indications and contraindications as thermotherapy: - indications: chronic injuries - contraindications: acute injuries
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Electrical Stimulation
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- a method to pass electrical currents through the skins - stimulates nerves - used for - increasing range of motion - increasing muscle strength - re-educating muscles - controlling pain - reducing muscle spasm
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Electrical Stimulation cont.
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- electric current is applied through a surface electrode - 2-4 electrodes are required to complete circuit - always needs to be an even # - electrodes are placed some distance away from injury site - injury should be in between pads (the closer the pads are to each other, the deeper the stimulus goes) nerve impulse: stimulates, afferent sensory unipolar, up spinal cord to brain, processes info, back out efferent motor multipolar
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Stimulation Levels
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- subsensory: from zero- initial sensation (threshold) [graded potential] - sensory: sensory nerves stimulated (tingling sensation) - motor: motor nerves stimulated (movement, shaking, twitching) - noxious: pain fibers stimulated (producing pain) Usually 10-15 minutes **another modality usually added on top (heat, ice)
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Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)
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- 2 electrodes - produces muscle contraction - muscle facilitation - forcing your muscle to contract (reducation of muscles)
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Interferential (IFC)
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- 4 electrodes - uses 2 separate circuits to create an "interference" pattern - decrease inflammation, pain, and swelling
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Contraindications/Precautions of Electrical Stimulation
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- should not be used over the carotid sinus (neck area) - over abdomen/lumbar during pregnancy - over the heart/pacemaker - people who are sensitive to electricity
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Mechanical/Manual Therapy
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- use of motion, force, or pressure - i.e. massage, mobilization, traction, compression - manual therapy to speed up recovery (use of your hands)
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Conclusion
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appropriate selection and use of therapeutic modalities can dramatically benefit on athletic injuries careful consideration of the nature and state of the injury is mandatory
