question

Trained sport management professionals have managed the sport business world since the emergence of professional sports in the country

answer

False

question

_____ involves employees or members of the organization in the actual decision making process.

answer

Participative decision making

question

All of the following are key skills necessary to succeed in the marketing department of a professional sports team except:

answer

in-game team strategy

question

Sport managers in today's sport organizations need to be aware of ever-changing management thoughts and ideas, to learn from theses theories, and to incorporate what works best within their organizations.

answer

True

question

Organizational behavior is also characterized as "one best way" to perform a job.

answer

False

question

The controllable variables the company puts together to satisfy a target group are referred to as the:

answer

marketing mix

question

All of the following have contributed to the increasing importance of developing and cultivating a positive image EXCEPT:

answer

David Beckham signing with the LA Galaxy

question

What university had the first sport management academic program?

answer

Ohio University

question

According to Kotler (2003), the marketer's job boils down to one action:

answer

creating demand

question

Sport marketers should be just as focused on innovations in the world of traditional marketing as they are on trends within their particular sport.

answer

True

question

The practice of binding a professional baseball player to his ballclub was called:

answer

reservation system

question

What sport organization did Walter O'Malley work for?

answer

formal and informal

question

The role of managers can be challenging as they try to assess the needs of their employees and utilize appropriate skills to meet the needs of the employees, all the while also getting the job done.

answer

True

question

The design of new sports stadiums indicates that marketers believe that the "place" aspect of the marketing mix is becoming increasingly more important to sports fans.

answer

True

question

Customer retention activities demonstrating care and concern for the customer following a purchase is considered by marketers as:

answer

aftermarketing

question

Recent trends in sport organization business practices have led American sports fans to become increasingly trustworthy of team owners.

answer

False

question

The jockey club concept originated in which nation?

answer

England

question

Participant decision making involves employees or members of the organization in the actual decision making process.

answer

True

question

The group of consumers to whom a product is marketed is the:

answer

target market

question

Two of the earlier phases used in the development of management theory are:

answer

scientific management and human relations movement

question

The underrepresentation of women, minorities, and people with disabilities in the sport industry is an important issue for sport managers who value _____ in the workplace.

answer

diversity

question

The sport marketer is able to control their product in a manner similar to a traditional marketer.

answer

false

question

Why did thoroughbred racing in the early United States fail to gain popularity?

answer

Lack of aristocratic tradition

question

What baseball industry professional was involved with the initial discussions of developing sport management as an academic field?

answer

Walter O'Malley

question

The ability to motivate employees to strive to achieve organizational goals and objectives as well as their personal goals and objectives is an art form.

answer

true

question

The manager determines what types of jobs need to be performed and who will be responsible for doing these jobs during the _____ function.

answer

organizing

question

The _____ movement is significant in that it changed management thinking to focus on the behavior of people and the human components in the workplace rather than on the scientific approach to performing a task.

answer

human relations

question

Fred Corcoran made his contribution to the sport industry by developing professional tennis tournaments.

answer

False

question

Motivating employees on a daily basis is a constant challenge to any sport manager.

answer

true

question

Sports marketing includes the marketing of: _____________, __________, and ____________:

answer

products, services, and entities

question

Roone Arledge's influence upon sports broadcasting included all of the following except:

answer

significant progressions in the way that sport marketers research the demands of the fan.

question

Sport management structures evolve in response to:

answer

broad social change

question

The process which involves assigning responsibility and accountability for results to employees and which is found in the "action" part of the management process is:

answer

delegation

question

Mark McCormack's sports marketing agency, IMG, began through a relationship with players of this sport:

answer

golf

question

Which of the following is NOT a common element used to define management?

answer

Values, policy, and strategy

question

Tournaments today are often created by marketing agencies or broadcast media rather than by player associations.

answer

true

question

All of the following are examples of a demographic trait or characteristic except:

answer

activities

question

While at a sporting event it is common for a sponsor company to offer free merchandise in exchange for filling out personal information, such as name, address, and demographics, on a specialized index card. This is an example of:

answer

database marketing

question

_____ is a continuous process that involves establishing organizational mission statements, goals, objectives, tactics, roles, and evaluation.

answer

planning

question

Customer demand is more predictable in the marketing of traditional products.

answer

true

question

____ is defined in this course as a management theory focusing on the behavior and motivations of people in the workplace.

answer

Human relations movement

question

Every sport manager needs to understand the basics of being a(n) _____ in the twenty-first century.

answer

manager

question

What two themes run through this chapter's examination of sport organizations?

answer

honesty and inclusion

question

_____________________ has the aim of building mutually satisfying long-term relations with key parties—customers, suppliers, distributors—in order to earn and retain their business (Kotler 2003).

answer

Relationship marketing

question

Which of the following is not a sport management structure?

answer

Municipality

question

_____ refers to the ability of workers to identify and acknowledge emotions when they occur, and instead of having an immediate emotional response, to take a step back, allowing rational thought to influence their actions.

answer

Emotional intelligence

question

Sports marketers define _______________ as the personal commitment and emotional involvement customers have with a sport organization.

answer

fan identification

question

All of the following are functions of promotion except:

answer

pricing research

question

The first company to capitalize on the term official with regard to a professional sport product was:

answer

Spalding

question

Sport managers must master their _____ in order to be successful.

answer

communication skills

question

Which of the following is NOT a step in the classic model of decision making?

answer

Managing technology

question

Thoroughbred racing quickly became the most popular professional sport in the colonial United States.

answer

false

question

_____ employees on a daily basis is a constant challenge to any sport manager.

answer

motivating

question

The position description of the Assistant Athletic Director for Marketing may include all of the following except:

answer

managing the facilities

question

Management is all about finding the best way to work with the employees to get the job done.

answer

true

question

Organizing involves setting a course of action for the sport organization.

answer

false

question

The number of sport management academic programs has declined within the last 10 years.

answer

false

question

Functional areas of management that have been used to explain and prepare managers for the various activities they get involved in include:

answer

planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating

question

On a large scale, major corporations have not changed the way they view athlete endorsement contracts based on events in recent history.

answer

false

question

Bill Veeck believed and operated under the philosophy that fans came to the ballpark to:

answer

be entertained

question

The potential for future embarrassment is a major concern in the thought process of corporations deciding whether to use athlete endorsers.

answer

true

question

Identifying subgroups of the overall marketplace based on factors such as age or income level is considered:

answer

segmentation

question

The earliest evolutionary change in sports broadcasting from factual reporting to sports entertainment was seen within:

answer

ABC's Monday Night Football broadcast

question

The Cincinnati Reds were the first professional baseball team.

answer

true

question

The emphasis on product extensions and the development of team sport promotional strategy can be attributed to:

answer

Bill Veeck

question

The proper steps involved in recruiting and selecting the right person for getting the job done include:

answer

advertising the position, reviewing completed applications, choosing qualified people for the interview process, checking references, and selecting the "best fit" person for the job

question

All of the following companies had early roles (early 1900s) in exploiting our country's interest in sport through sponsorship except:

answer

nike

question

Behaviors and preferences like an individual's beliefs, opinions, lifestyles, and habits are considered by marketers to be:

answer

photographic characteristics

question

The club structure still exists as a modern sport management structure.

answer

true

question

What other sports developed management structures similar to jockey clubs?

answer

cricket and boxing

question

Keeping the financial scope of the sport industry in mind, it is important to note that sport managers need to be able to organize and work with _____, the most important asset in their organization.

answer

people

question

The first organized group of professional baseball players was known as the:

answer

National Association of Professional Baseball Players

question

When a team raises ticket prices significantly after a winning season, it represents an action consistent with the principles of relationship marketing.

answer

false

question

The sport industry in the United States is growing at an incredible rate.

answer

true

question

Who founded the National League?

answer

Willliam Hulbert

question

Because a sport marketer has very little control over their core product it has led entrepreneurs like Bill Veeck to focus on:

answer

product extensions

question

Sport management originated in thoroughbred racing in the form of:

answer

jockey clubs

question

Sport managers must perform in a number of functional areas and execute various activities in fulfilling the demands of their jobs.

answer

true

question

What was the first sport to use sport management principles in the United States?

answer

harness racing

question

Current management theory stresses the concepts of employee involvement, employee empowerment, and _____.

answer

managers' concern with the human component of employees

question

The reserve system limited player movement and kept salaries low in the National League.

answer

true

question

Loyalty to sport clubs was developed by:

answer

memberships

question

The function of the management process that requires the manager to take on a leadership role and manage any differences or changes that may take place within the organization is:

answer

leading

question

Sport managers need to learn, understand, and respect the differences in language, culture, etiquette, management, and communication styles when working in the international sport marketplace.

answer

true

question

_____ refers to the encouragement of employees to use their initiative and make decisions within their area of operations.

answer

empowerment

question

_____ involves measuring and ensuring progress toward organizational objectives.

answer

evaluating

question

Sponsorship within the sports world is a new phenomenon, introduced during the 1970's.

answer

false

question

Managing technology, being familiar with it, and using it to one's advantage, is not something every manager should strive to achieve.

answer

false

question

Relationship marketing occurs when sports organizations view their customers as increasingly valued stakeholders.

answer

true

question

The purposes of sport marketing research include all of the following except:

answer

allowing fans direct input into team personnel decisions

question

By turning a parking garage in proximity to the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Village into a mini-Nike Town, Nike was engaged in:

answer

ambush marketing

question

Which of the following is NOT a practice that can raise the level of employee motivation?

answer

Select alternatives

question

The modern Olympic Games in 1896 were held in which city?

answer

athens

question

Female coaches whose salaries are not equal to those of their male counterparts have filed ___________ lawsuits.

answer

Equal Pay Act

question

____ are generally accepted so broadly within a community that they are considered self-evident and largely go unquestioned.

answer

moral values

question

When organizations borrow, they are legally obligated to pay back _____, plus ______.

answer

the principal, interest

question

Vicarious liability is:

answer

a tort that allows a plaintiff to sue a superior for the negligent acts of a subordinate.

question

What area of law has left an indelible mark on the structure and nature of labor relations in professional sport leagues?

answer

antitrust law

question

To be effective, discipline must meet which of the following criteria?

answer

meaningful and enforceable

question

_____, like ethics, is concerned with values guiding behavior.

answer

morality

question

One of the biggest distinctions between moral decision making and other ethical decisions is:

answer

the extensive ramification of immoral choices

question

In spectator sports, stadium construction projects are often financed with _____.

answer

bonds

question

_____ are the fundamental baseline values dictating appropriate behavior within a society.

answer

morals

question

An athlete challenging a drug test on the grounds that it is an unreasonable search and seizure would attempt to prove to a court that:

answer

taking the athlete's urine or blood may constitute a seizure and the testing may constitute a search

question

Leagues such as the NFL, NBA, and MLB all maintain "credit facilities" because:

answer

the leagues can borrow less expensively than can individual teams

question

_____ is the systematic study of values guiding our decision making.

answer

ethics

question

What is the term given to the amount of their own money owners have invested in the firm?

answer

equity

question

Sport law was first documented as a formally recognized specialty:

answer

in 1972 when Boston College Law School's Professor Robert Berry offered a course entitled Regulation of the Professional Sport Industry

question

Which financial statement measures the financial performance of an organization over a specified time period, usually a year?

answer

income statement

question

The U.S. Supreme Court case, PGA Tour Inc. v. Casey Martin (2001) invovled a challenge to PGA Tour rules under what statute?

answer

Americans with Disabilities Act

question

All of the following are examples of "financial" mechanisms for altering competitive balance EXCEPT:

answer

reverse-order draft

question

Which statement concerning the tradeoff between financing through debt or equity is true?

answer

Generally, financing with debt carries more risk than equity

question

Why do economists suggest that revenue sharing, in and of itself, will do little to improve competitive balance?

answer

Teams receiving revenue-sharing transfers may have little incentive to use the money to increase payroll, simply choosing to retain the transfer as added profit.

question

Sport managers need to be aware of the _____ and _____ in the sport workplace.

answer

morality, ethics

question

In sport, an example of a(n) _____ is that all athletes give an honest effort whenever they compete.

answer

moral principle

question

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act protects employees from discrimination on:

answer

the basis of age for anyone of any age, except certain public safety personnel and top-level managers

question

The process of making a correct and fair decision is called _____.

answer

ethical reasoning

question

Where revenue sharing may be effective as a tool to improve competitive balance is when it is used in conjunction with a ________.

answer

hard salary cap

question

Academic discussions of morality often start with a discussion of _____ versus _____.

answer

absolutism, relativism

question

In a basic sense, the financial success of an organization is ultimately dependent on:

answer

profits

question

______ is/are anything that an organization owns that can be used to generate future revenues.

answer

assets

question

If an athlete is asked why he or she strives to win, a common response would be:

answer

"because that's what sports are about."

question

_____ argues that what is moral depends on the situation.

answer

relativism

question

An _____ is a practical conflict involving more or less equally compelling values or social obligations.

answer

ethical dilemma

question

Another recommendation from the ethical decision-making model is to consult an organization's _____.

answer

codes of conduct

question

_____ is similar to the regular decision-making process in business situations in that there is a given structure to follow when making an ethical decision.

answer

ethical decision making

question

The concept of _______ is probably the best single measure of an industry's impact.

answer

aggregate market value of firms in industry

question

_____ is essential in scientific research, but in sport "faking out" an opponent is seen as an acceptable strategy and a way to gain advantage.

answer

honesty

question

The philosophy behind a "hard" salary cap is to:

answer

constrain all franchises to spend the same amount on payroll

question

_____ argues that moral precepts are universal; that is, applicable to all circumstances.

answer

absolutism

question

The law used to protect against ambush marketing is:

answer

the lanham act

question

The Sport Broadcasting Act of 1961 does what?

answer

Exempts the major professional sports leagues' national television deals from antitrust liability in pooling their television rights as a league.

Sports Management Mid-Term – Flashcards

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