Sports Management and Marketing Exam 2 – Flashcards
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Management
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The process of working with and through individuals and groups to accomplish organizational goals
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Leadership
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Process of influencing the activities of an individual or group in an effort to achieve a goal in a given situation
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Directive Leadership Style
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leaders function where employees have little (if any) input in planning and decision making
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Participative Leadership Style
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leaders who seek employee involvement in project planning and decision making
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Behaviors Centered On Tasks
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primarily concerned with the technical or formal aspects of jobs and considering followers primarily as the means for accomplishing the organization's goals
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Behaviors centered on employees
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primarily concerned with interpersonal relations, meeting personal needs of followers, and accommodating personality difference among followers
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Ethical Leaders
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Honest, caring, and principled individuals who make fair and balanced decisions.
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Human Resource Management
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Plan the needs of the sport organization in terms of the labor force
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Amateur Sports Act of 1978
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Signed by Jimmy Carter, created the USOC and provides national governing bodies for each sport and legal protection for the athletes
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Community Sport
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Organized Involves Physical Activity Community, School, Local Sport Organizations
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Youth Sport
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Children and adolescents National Sport Organizations Emphasis on the Participant
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Benefits of Youth Sport
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Quality of Life Family Life Sense of community/social capital
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Social Capital
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Features on social life- networks, norms, and trust that enables participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives
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Informal Games
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Action-Centered Children create on their own Offer: action personal involvement in the action challenging and exciting environments opportunities to reaffirm friendships during games
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Adult-Controlled Games
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Rule-Centered Uniforms Umpires Roles/positions More seriousness Manage relationships with adults
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Volunteer Sport Organizations
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Nonprofit local sports organizations that provided organized sport opportunities for community members, governed and supported through volunteer management
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Multi-sport organization
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composed or accommodating several sports to facilitate growth of the current number of national organizations that promote multi-sport participation and provide for international, national, and grassroots participation and competition.
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Sport Leagues
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organization that exists to provide ongoing regulated competition in a specific sport
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Human Capital
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Skills and knowledge acquired or possessed by an individual
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4 tiers of volunteers for major events
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1. Executive 2. Managerial 3. Staging 4. Game Time`
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Johann Rosenzopf
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Creator of the Youth Olympic Games.
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Youth Olympic Games
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First held in 2010 Ages: 15-18 Summer: 3800 Athletes (208 countries) Winter: 1100 Athletes (70-80 countries) Same sports with some adaptations
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Indiana University Athletics 5 Priorities
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Playing by the rules Being well in mind, body, and spirit Achieving academically Excelling athletically Integrating with the University
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Indiana University Athletic Department
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Decentralized, multiple people make decision There are multiple VP's who have an expertise and answer directly to Fred Glass, but also do many things on their own
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First state to establish a high school athletics association
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Georgia
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National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS)
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National governing body that provides leadership for the administration of educational based interscholastic sport and non sport activity
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Centralized operating
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Happens at a smaller school, where the AD is also a coach
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Decentralized operating
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Big high schools, such as 6A in Texas, where there is too much going on to be centralized
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School Sport Financing
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Public: Tax Private: Donors, Tuition
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NBA Mission
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Compete with intensity, lead with integrity, inspire with play
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NBA
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13 offices all over, build global presence Want to make it a culture, lifestyle, not just a sport Brought the CMO from State Farm, are running marketing department like an ad agency, invest in media
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Significance of China and NBA
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Pays the most of any country for merchandise
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4 Corners of the Court
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4 key talents Integrity Teamwork Respect Innovation
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Sport Management and Marketing Agency
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A business that acts on behalf of a sport entity involved in the sport industry. Today, many agencies now deal with complementary lifestyle, like fashion, leisure, etc.
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First Sport Management and Marketing Agency
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Created in the 1960's, IMG is the first known agency, founder Mark McCormick realized athletes need representation
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National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA)
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National governing body which serves as a liaison between individual state high school athletics administrator associations
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Client
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brand, personality, product group, concept EX: IU athletics contracts out to IU properties who contract to Leerfield, who specialize in Sports Media
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Full Service Agency
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Full range of services with multiple divisions Example: IMG, Octagon
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Fan Elevator
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From Couch potato to Super Fan
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General Agency
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Integrated approach to a development of client programs Example: Fenway Sports Marketing, 16W marketing
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Specialty Agency
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Specific to only one or a few concepts Example: Joyce Julius and Associates, Mondial Sports Management
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In House Groups
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Departments that perform functions on behalf of the parent company They are their only client
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Activation
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Making sure your sponsorship is completed, fulfilled, what you're going to do on behalf of sponsors
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Octagon Focus
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On events, getting the best experience out of an event they manage, they want to market these "no-price" experiences
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Partnership Planning
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Why are you spending money on one thing, getting the client or fan to spend more money effectively elsewhere
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Local Organizing Committee
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A committee set in place to focus on a specific event/city Ex: College World Series, Omaha Nebraska
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Unearned Media
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Media and Coverage without having to pay for it
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Earned Media
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Commercials, paid articles
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Lovell 3 priorities
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1. Budgeting 2. Understanding Sales 3. Being able to understand your strengths and selling yourself
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Bid Specification
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Different Parameters for hosting different events
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NCAA admission criteria
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Number of Sports offered, type of sport(individual/team), department budgets, attendance/seating capacity, scholarship grant in AIDS
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Provisional Period
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The period for an organization when they are trying to gain acceptance into a new division or reclassifying. This is a set number of years, and to qualify you have to meet set requirements in each year.
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NCAA D1 requirements
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14 sports, 7M/7W or 6M/8W Minimum and maximum requirement for financial and athletic scholarships
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NCAA D2 requirements
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10 sports, 5M/5W or 4M/6W Minimum and maximum financial aid and athletic scholarships
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NCAA D3 requirements
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10 sports, only 5M/5W No athletic scholarships Emphasis on the student-athlete experience
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NAIA D1/D2
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Lower membership costs than NCAA Lower Budget requirements Higher Level two-year institutions
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Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Sport
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Formed in 1989 in response to many high profile scandals. 1+3 model, presidential control is directed towards the 3, Academic Integrity, Fiscal Integrity, Certification
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Academic Progress Rate (APR)
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Rewards teams that exhibit academic progress, performance, and penalizes those who regularly do not
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Rule of Threes Test
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Fairness in opportunities for girls, measures proportionality, progress, and satisfied interest
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Women's Sports Foundation
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Created by Billie Jean King
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Senior Woman Administrator
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Highest ranking female in each NCAA athletic department or member conference. Encourages the voice of woman in important decisions
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Equality in Athletics Disclosure Act
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requires co educational institutions of postsecondary education that participate in a Title IV program to prepare an annual report on athletic participation, staffing, and allocation of funds to the Department of Health
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Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCU's)
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37 tribal institutions of higher education in Canada and the US
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Market Segments
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Portion of the population that is distinctive in terms of its needs, characteristics, or behavior
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Target Market
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Market segment or segments identified as the focus of an organization's marketing efforts
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Participant Motivation
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Achievement, Social aspects, and Mastery of the sport Extrinsic and Intrinsic rewards
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Extrinsic Rewards
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Given to a person by someone else Providing an outward display of recognition for the athletic achievement
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Social Motivation
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Participants seek social opportunities through their sport participation
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Mastery Motivation
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Skill Development, Learning, Personal Challenge, Intrinsic
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Intrinsic Rewards
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Rewards received by a person from the experience itself
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Diversion
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A distraction from another potential problem A way to escape everyday life, stress, or boredom
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Eustress
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Positive levels of arousal provided to sport spectators Seeking excitement and stimulation Enjoying the uncertainty and anticipation felt
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BIRGing
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Basking In Reflected Glory
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Consumer Perceptions
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1. Acting and reacting based on perceptions rather than objective reality 2. Aware of stimuli that meet their needs and interests, and they filter out stimuli 3. The grouping effect by associating the sports team with a specific image
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Selective Attention
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Choosing to pay attention to elements that are relevant to one's needs, attitudes, and experiences
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Highly Identified Fans
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Attend more games, Invest more time and effort in being a fan, Are less sensitive to price
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Direct Reference groups
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Family and friends, culture, social class
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Indirect Reference groups
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Aspirational(person aspires to be in a group), subcultures
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5 Categories of Situational Influence
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Physical Surroundings Social Surroundings Task Requirements Time Pressures Antecedent States
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3 principles of Professional Sport Industry
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Labor Management Governance
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Labor
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group of athletes in team sport that unionize to negotiate a collective bargaining agreement
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Management in pro sports
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Collected group of owners and team higher ups who negotiate with the players, try to help their profits. League commissioner is typically an agent for the owners.
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Governance
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How the leagues are structured, regulate Labor and Management
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Interdepence
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Teams need to compete and cooperate simultaneously
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League Think
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recognize the importance of the competition and share revenues to ensure that their competitions remain strong
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Revenue Sharing
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The NFL shares its national media contracts, so does the MLB but they keep the money from their local media contracts
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Luxury Tax
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Designed to tax the teams that spend the most on payroll
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Free Agency
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ability of players, after fulfilling an agreed upon number of years with a team, to sell their services to another team with limited or no compensation to the team losing the player Curt Flood Act of 1998
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Baseball's Antitrust Exemption
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Under the Sherman Antitrust Law, they were not ruled an interstate corporation and therefore do not have to pay interstate commerce taxes. Considered local, no tangible good. Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore vs. NL 1922
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Collective Bargaining
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Workers involved in interstate commerce, management and labor come together to fight for certain rights to keep both sides happy and allow play to resume.
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National Labor Relations Act NLRA
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Right to self-organize, join, or assist in labor unions Right to bargain collectively through agents of one's own choosing Right to engage in concerted activities for mutual aid or protection
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Salary Caps
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Agreements collectively bargained between labor and management that establish a league wide team payroll threshold that cannot be exceeded in most cases. Ensure parity NBA soft cap/bird rule MLB has no cap NFL NHL have hard caps, can not exceed
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Bird Rule
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Established in the NBA, a team can offer to resign its free agent to a 5 year max deal, however, teams that aren't resigning can only offer 4 year
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Licensing Revenue
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Leagues and teams grant rights to use names and logos
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Psycho graphics
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Getting into the brains of consumers and exposing their beliefs, attitudes, values, and behavior to get into their mind and connect with them.
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Gate Receipts
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Ticket revenue, used to be the biggest source of income for all leagues, however now it is only a major source for MILB, WNBA, MLS, however, it is still a lot of income for big four.
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Listen sing Royalty
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The earnings paid to the sport property, or liscensor by a liscensed manufacturer in return for the right to produce and sell merchandise bearing the logo
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Outsourcing
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Use of outside sport marketing firms to maximize revenues for athletics programs
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Ticket Operations
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Process by which tickets are distributed to customers
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Entitlement
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Associating the name of a sponsor with the name of an event or facility in exchange for cash (AT&T Cottob Bowl Classic)
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Grassroots programs
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Programs targeted to people at the primary level of involvement, usually participants rather than spectators
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Solicitation
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Requesting support or assistance on behalf of a sport property from a potential sponsor
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Challenges Facing Agencies
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Uncertainty in client base In house versus outsourcing Conflicts of interest Mergers and acquisitions Labor unrest Economic challenges
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Sport Tourism
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A person travels to take part in a sport (active); Or A person travels to watch a sport (passive)
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Synergy
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Interactions between two components such as tourism and sport
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Destination Image
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Impression people have of a certain location
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Leverage
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Using strategies to optimize the benefits or outcomes associated with an event
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Sports Comission
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Local or state agency responsible for attracting and organizing sport events to help communities capitalize on the potential benefits of sport tourism
