question

Sport psychology specialists have three roles. These include a. teaching, research, and consulting b. teaching, administration, and consulting c. research, administration, and teaching d. teaching, intervention, and research e. intervention, teaching, and consulting

answer

*a. teaching, research, and consulting

question

Which type of question would NOT fall under the category of "What effect do psychological factors have on an individual's performance?" a. Does self-confidence influence a child's ability to learn to swim? b. How does anxiety affect a tennis player's service accuracy? c. Does running reduce one's anxiety and depression? d. How does punishment influence an individual's motivation to continue participation in sport? e. How does concentration affect performance in fine motor tasks?

answer

*c. Does running reduce one's anxiety and depression?

question

Behavior is determined by the interaction of the environment and personal makeup of the performer. This idea is an example of a a. cognitive-behavioral orientation b. behavioral orientation c. cognitive-affective orientation d. social-psychological orientation e. cognitive-environmental orientation

answer

*d. social-psychological orientation

question

Emotional disorders affecting sport performance, such as eating disorders and drug abuse, would best be treated by a a. clinical sport psychologist b. developmental psychologist c. educational sport psychologist d. Rogerian sport therapist e. Gestalt sport therapist

answer

*a. clinical sport psychologist

question

Research by Landers and his colleagues, using biofeedback techniques to train elite marksmen to shoot between heartbeats, is a good example of a a. cognitive-behavioral orientation b. cognitive-affective orientation c. behavioral orientation d. psychophysiological orientation e. physiological-environmental orientation

answer

*d. psychophysiological orientation

question

Research by Weinberg and Gould investigating sources of stress among successful and unsuccessful elite wrestlers is a good example of a a. social-psychological orientation b. psychophysiological orientation c. cognitive-behavioral orientation d. cognitive-affective orientation e. physiological-environmental orientation

answer

*c. cognitive-behavioral orientation

question

Trait anxiety refers to _________ anxiety, whereas state anxiety refers to __________ anxiety. a. general; momentary b. momentary; general c. competitive; noncompetitive d. noncompetitive; competitive e. none of the above

answer

*a. general; momentary

question

Test anxiety is an example of a a. trait measure b. state measure c. situation-specific trait measure d. situation-specific state measure e. none of the above

answer

*c. situation-specific trait measure

question

Taking an intra-individual approach to psychological testing means that a. individuals are compared against population norms b. individuals are compared against how they usually score on a particular psychological inventory c. individuals are compared to norms for their age and gender d. individuals are compared based on objective and subjective assessments e. none of the above

answer

*b. individuals are compared against how they usually score on a particular psychological inventory

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a question(s) that a researcher using the interactional approach would ask? a. Will highly anxious athletes perform better than less anxious athletes in situations that are not stressful? b. Will extroverts perform better than introverts in a team situation? c. Will highly motivated people choose to participate in competitive situations? d. Will kids with high self-esteem prefer competitive sport situations to a greater degree than kids with low self-esteem? e. a and c

answer

*c. Will highly motivated people choose to participate in competitive situations?

question

The interactional approach assumes that a. situational and personal variables are codeterminants of behavior b. personality interacts with the psychological core to determine behavior c. highly aggressive people, for example, will usually react in an aggressive manner when placed in an aggressive situation d. a and c e. a and b

answer

*d. a and c

question

The situational approach to personality assumes that a. individuals behave differently across situations b. individuals behave similarly across situations c. if the situation is strong, the effect of personality traits would be minimal d. a and b e. a and c

answer

*e. a and c

question

The trait approach to personality assumes that a. people behave differently in different situations b. people behave similarly in different situations c. personality does not change much over time d. a and c e. b and c

answer

*e. b and c

question

The most superficial and therefore most easily changed part of a personality structure is its a. psychological core b. role-related behavior c. typical responses d. belief system

answer

*c. typical responses

question

Researchers have recently used the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI) to investigate the relationship between coping skills and performance. Results have indicated that a. good psychological coping skills help athletes get the most out of their ability b. good psychological coping skills are associated with continued involvement in professional baseball c. the ACSI is a good tool to use for team selection d. all of the above e. a and b

answer

*e. a and b

question

Recently, the "big five" model of personality has become widely accepted. Which of the following is not one of the five personality factors in the model? a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. neuroticism d. extraversion e. depression

answer

*e. depression

question

The research criticizing Morgan's mental health model and the implications of the "iceberg profile" has argued that a. the iceberg profile accounts for only a very small percentage of athletes' performance variation b. the iceberg profile only differentiates athletes from nonathletes and does not differentiate between athletes of different ability levels c. the Profile of Mood States (POMS) is not a reliable test d. a and b e. a and c

answer

*d. a and b

question

In the iceberg profile developed by Morgan, which of the following psychological characteristics that successful athletes display is typically above the mean of the population? a. anxiety b. anger c. fatigue d. vigor e. confusion

answer

*d. vigor

question

The phenomenological approach to personality is consistent with the interactional approach except that it focuses on a. the individual's interpretation of the situation and himself or herself b. the traits of an individual c. the situation a person is dealing with at the time d. the behavior of the individual e. the outcome of the behavior

answer

*a. the individual's interpretation of the situation and himself or herself

question

Showing a person a picture of an athlete arguing with an official and then asking the person to write about what is happening is an example of a. objective testing b. projective testing c. multidimensional personality assessment d. unidimensional personality assessment e. psychological trait-state inventory

answer

*b. projective testing

question

Participant motivation usually is the result of a. personal factors b. situational factors c. a combination of personal and situational factors d. the history of success or failure e. none of the above

answer

*c. a combination of personal and situational factors

question

The interactional view of motivation claims that motivation is an interaction of which two factors? a. person and situation b. goals and coach's style c. personality and goals d. personality and needs e. goals and win-loss record

answer

*a. person and situation

question

An athlete is more motivated when she plays against competitors who are better than she is than when she plays better than her competitors. This is an example of which approach to motivation? a. trait-centered b. situational c. interactional d. individual e. none of the above

answer

*b. situational

question

Which is the most widely endorsed view of motivation taken by sport psychologists? a. trait-centered b. situational c. interactional d. individual e. none of the above

answer

*c. interactional

question

Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics. This is consistent with which view of motivation? a. trait-centered b. situational c. individual d. interactional e. none of the above

answer

*a. trait-centered

question

Which one of the following is NOT a general orientation to motivation? a. trait-centered b. situational c. individual d. interactional e. none of the above

answer

*c. individual

question

The overriding characteristic of individuals who exhibit learned helplessness is a. attributing success to effort b. feeling their actions have no impact on desired outcomes c. attributing failure to bad luck d. feeling they are in control of their actions e. none of the above

answer

*b. feeling their actions have no impact on desired outcomes

question

A substantial imbalance between demand and response capability under conditions in which failure has important consequences refers to a. arousal b. sensational pressure c. stress d. state anxiety e. trait anxiety

answer

*c. stress

question

Physiological responses occur in which stage of the stress process? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4 e. stage 5

answer

*c. stage 3

question

Arousal refers to the a. direction of motivation b. intensity of motivation c. frequency of motivated behavior d. interaction of cognition and emotions e. a and d

answer

*b. intensity of motivation

question

In Hanin's work on individualized zones of optimal functioning, he argues that for best performance to occur, an athlete needs a. an optimal level of state anxiety b. an optimal level of trait anxiety c. an optimal level of state anxiety and other emotions d. an optimal level of arousal e. an optimal level of physiological arousal

answer

*c. an optimal level of state anxiety and other emotions

question

Hanin's individualized zones of optimal functioning model suggests that a. each individual has a specific optimal level of efficiency b. performance is best when arousal is moderate c. performance is best when arousal is high d. the zone of optimal functioning is the same for all individuals e. none of the above

answer

*a. each individual has a specific optimal level of efficiency

question

Which of the following explain(s) why players and coaches often neglect psychological skills training? a. lack of knowledge b. lack of time c. viewing psychological skills as unchangeable d. all of the above e. a and c

answer

*d. all of the above

question

Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include which of the following? a. confidence building b. imagery c. attentional skills d. all of the above e. a and c

answer

*d. all of the above

question

When is it generally best to implement a PST program? a. anytime b. during the off-season or preseason c. after a problem is identified d. before important competitions e. before easy competitions

answer

*b. during the off-season or preseason

question

Which of the following is NOT a common problem in implementing PST programs? a. lack of time b. lack of follow-up by the consultant c. consultant's lack of sport-specific knowledge d. generating support from administrators, coaches, and athletes e. sport psychologist's knowledge of psychological skill exercises

answer

*e. sport psychologist's knowledge of psychological skill exercises

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a stage in autogenic training? a. regulation of breathing b. regulation of cardiac activity c. cooling of the extremities d. a and c e. b and c

answer

*c. cooling of the extremities

question

The two sensations that are emphasized in autogenic training are a. warmth and cold b. warmth and heaviness c. kinesthetic and heaviness d. warmth and kinesthetic e. cold and kinesthetic

answer

*b. warmth and heaviness

question

The state of mind produced by the relaxation response is similar to that described during a. imagery b. peak performance c. transcendental meditation d. deep sleep e. progressive relaxation

answer

*c. transcendental meditation

question

The premise of stress inoculation training is to a. expose the person to increasing amounts of stress, thereby enhancing the person's immunity to stress b. teach both somatic and cognitive anxiety skills c. teach people that stress is predominantly in their minds d. teach people to appraise stressful situations e. none of the above

answer

*a. expose the person to increasing amounts of stress, thereby enhancing the person's immunity to stress

question

Relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as a. cognitive and somatic b. state and trait c. sport specific and general d. cognitive and appraisal e. somatic and visceral

answer

*a. cognitive and somatic

question

Before starting progressive relaxation, you should a. dim the lights b. put on soft music c. lie down in a comfortable position d. all of the above e. a and c

answer

*e. a and c

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a tenet of progressive relaxation? a. Tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously. b. A decrease in muscle tension will lead to a decrease in mental tension. c. Progressively contract and relax the major muscle groups in the body. d. a and b e. b and c

answer

*a. Tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously.

question

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes? a. social support (friends, coaches, family) b. time management c. thought control d. superstition e. rational thinking via self-talk

answer

*d. superstition

question

According to the study by Eubank and Collins, individuals perceiving their anxiety as facilitative (as opposed to debilitative) use more a. emotion-focused coping b. problem-focused coping c. imagery d. a and b e. a and c

answer

*d. a and b

question

The two most widely accepted coping categories are known as a. problem-focused and cognitive-focused coping b. problem-focused and emotion-focused coping c. cognitive-focused and somatic-focused coping d. emotion-focused and somatic-focused coping e. emotion-focused and cognitive-focused coping

answer

*b. problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

question

The elements necessary for achieving the relaxation response include a. a quiet environment b. a passive attitude c. a mental device d. a comfortable position e. all of the above

answer

*e. all of the above

question

Stress inoculation training focuses on which of the following mental techniques to reduce stress? a. attentional control and progressive relaxation b. self-talk and attentional control c. imagery and self-talk d. imagery and progressive relaxation e. imagery and attentional control

answer

*c. imagery and self-talk

question

Cognitive restructuring attempts to a. identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements b. improve problem-solving ability c. improve attentional focus d. identify different strategies for mental preparation e. none of the above

answer

*a. identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT among the interventions for cognitive-affective stress management training? a. cognitive restructuring b. relaxation skills c. self-instructional training d. systematic desensitization e. a and c

answer

*d. systematic desensitization

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training? a. pretreatment assessment b. treatment rationale c. skill acquisition d. skill rehearsal e. posttreatment assessment

answer

*e. posttreatment assessment

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding research findings on coping in sport? a. Athletes use both adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies. b. Athletes usually stick with one coping strategy. c. Athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had higher performance. d. a and b e. a and c

answer

*e. a and c

question

Which of the following is NOT a stage in stress inoculation training? a. preparing for the stressor b. coping with the stressor c. controlling the stressor d. evaluating coping efforts e. removing the stressor

answer

*e. removing the stressor

question

Which is the best type of coping strategy to use in an athletic setting? a. emotion-focused coping b. No one type of strategy is best for all situations. c. problem-focused coping d. avoidance coping e. cognitive appraisal coping

answer

*a. emotion-focused coping

question

For long-term coping, research indicates that the most effective strategy is a. active-problem-focused coping b. avoidance coping c. emotion-focused coping d. cognitive appraisal coping e. active-avoidance coping

answer

*a. active-problem-focused coping

question

Which of the following is (are) strategies for coping with different emotions in sport? a. vicarious learning b. self-analysis c. reframing d. d all of the above e. a and c

answer

*d. d all of the above

question

Basic imagery training involves a. controllability and awareness b. controllability and vividness c. vividness and relaxation d. relaxation and awareness e. relaxation and controllability

answer

*b. controllability and vividness

question

Imagery involves which of the following senses? a. visual b. auditory c. kinesthetic d. all of the above e. a and b

answer

*d. all of the above

question

Triple code theory refers to what three parts of the image? a. image itself, image meaning, somatic response to the image b. image itself, image meaning, cognitive response to the image c. image itself, image timing, somatic response to the image d. image meaning, image timing, cognitive response to the image e. image consistency, image meaning, image timing

answer

*a. image itself, image meaning, somatic response to the image

question

According to researcher Pavio, what are the two primary functions of imagery? a. cognitive and somatic b. cognitive and emotional c. social and cognitive d. cognitive and motivational e. motivational and somatic

answer

*d. cognitive and motivational

question

Educational sport psychologists usually have years of training in a. psychology b. education c. sport and exercise science d. sociology e. educational psychology

answer

*c. sport and exercise science

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