Speech Definitions Chapter 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Speech delivered from a set of notes or outlines; researched, prepared, and organized
answer
Extemporaneous Speaking
question
Is Extemporaneous speaking formal or conversational in tone?
answer
Conversational
question
Speech presented with little or no preparation
answer
Impromptu Speech
question
Reading word for word off a piece of paper
answer
Manuscript Speaking
question
Transactional ( process of sharing meaning with others )
answer
Communication
question
An act of communication in which a clearly identified speaker presents a message in a more formal manner than mere conversation to an audience of multiple listeners on an occasion to achieve a specific purpose
answer
Public Speaking
question
What does "transactional" mean in the context of speech?
answer
Speaker is both sending AND receiving messages/feedback
question
Does communication ever stop? Why or why not?
answer
No, because you continue to communicate nonverbally
question
Engaging in communication with others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in a given context
answer
Communication Competence
question
Speaking within the rules and standards set
answer
Appropriateness
question
What are the degrees of effectiveness for speech?
answer
Proficiency to deficiency
question
What are the six questions that define "context?"
answer
What, whom, why, where, when, and how?
question
Using speech to achieve your goals
answer
Effectiveness
question
What are the five things needed to achieve competent public speaking?
answer
Knowledge Skills Sensitivity Commitment Ethics
question
Five things needed to achieve competent public speaking: Learning the rules
answer
Knowledge
question
Five things needed to achieve competent public speaking: Showing not just knowing
answer
Skills
question
Five things needed to achieve competent public speaking: Detecting, decoding, and comprehending signals from your audience. Helps to adapt
answer
Sensitivity
question
Five things needed to achieve competent public speaking: Acquiring a passion for excellence
answer
Commitment
question
Five things needed to achieve competent public speaking: Determining the right and wrong way of speaking
answer
Ethics
question
What are the four types of noise interference?
answer
Physical (external environment) Physiological (internal) Semantic (word choice) Psychological (biases)
question
When the intensity of the fight-or-flight response prevents an individual from giving a speech effectively
answer
Dysfunctional Speech Anxiety
question
When the fight-or-flight response is managed to stimulates an optimum presentation
answer
Functional Speech Anxiety
question
What are the three bullet points of communication?
answer
1) Transactional - working with audience 2) It's a process - continous flow 3) Sharing Meanings - Making sense
question
What type of interference stems from external distractions?
answer
Physical
question
A facial tattoo is an example of what type of interference?
answer
Physical
question
A hot room is an example of what type of inference?
answer
Phyiscal
question
What type of interference comes from internal distractions?
answer
Phyiological
question
Shaking knees and sweaty palms in an example of what type of interference?
answer
Physiological
question
Pervasive insecurity is an example of what type of interference?
answer
Physiological
question
What type of interference stems from word choice?
answer
Semantic
question
Using an ethnic slur it considered what type of interference?
answer
Semantic
question
What type of interference is within your own mind of either you or your audience?
answer
Psychological
question
Ethnic prejudice is an example of what type of prejudice?
answer
Psychogical
question
A geographical bias, such as disliking people from Oklahoma, is an example of what type of interference?
answer
Psychological
question
What are the two main bullet points of communication competence?
answer
Effectiveness and Appropriateness
question
What are the causes of dysfunctional anxiety
answer
Catastrophic Thinking Perfectionist Thinking Desire for Complete Approval The Illusion of Transparency
question
Pertaining to self-defeating thoughts: fear of failure
answer
Catastrophic Thinking
question
Pertaining to self-defeating thoughts: No mistakes permitted
answer
Perfectionist thinking
question
Pertaining to self-defeating thoughts: Trying not to offend
answer
Desire for complete approval
question
Pertaining to self-defeating thoughts: Being nervous about looking nervous
answer
The illusion of transparency
question
What are three factors that provoke anxiety?
answer
Novelty Spotlight (conspicuousness) Type of speech
question
Strategies for managing speech anxiety
answer
1) Prepare 2) Gain realistic perspective 3) ADOPT A NON-COMPETITIVE COMMUNICATION ORIENTATION (dont care about how you look, how you appear, etc... helps anxiety go down 4) Coping statements -- "I can do this" 5) Visualize success 6) Use relaxation techniques 7) Incremental desensitization
question
Type of speech where you remember every word of your speech
answer
Memorized Speaking
question
Why is it important to understand the position of your audience?
answer
It effects effectiveness
question
What are the 5 types of audiences?
answer
Captive Contrary Committed Concerned Casual
question
Which type of audience is defined by disengaged listeners?
answer
Captive
question
Which type of audience is defined by Hostile Listeners?
answer
Contrary
question
What type of audience is defined by Agreeable listeners?
answer
Committed
question
Which type of audience is defined by eager listeners?
answer
Concerned
question
Which type of audience is defined by Unexpected listeners?
answer
Casual
question
A learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward something, a quick evaluation
answer
Attitude
question
What a person believes in true or probable
answer
Belief
question
Most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinknig or behavior
answer
Value
question
Characteristics of an audience such as age, gender, culture, ethnicity, group affiliation
answer
Demographic
question
Out of values, attitudes, and beliefs, which are the easiest to change? the hardest to change?
answer
Hardest = values Easiest - attitudes
question
Dressing similar to your audience to express similarity and establish a repore
answer
Stylistic simplicity
question
What are four types of topics that are inappropriate?
answer
Offensive Trivial Demeaning Advocate illegal activities
question
When are you supposed to grab your audience's attention?
answer
In the intro
question
The act of focusing on a specific stimulus to the exclusion of competing stimuli
answer
Attention
question
What are 4 ways to get an audience's attention?
answer
Novelty Personal Experience (Vital) Humor Intensity
question
What are the five objectives for an introduction?
answer
Gain attention 2) Clear Purpose statement 3) Establish significance 4) Establish credibility 5) Preview main points
question
What are the 3 objectives for a competent conclusion?
answer
1) Summarize main points 2) Refer to intro 3) Make a memorable finish
question
What is the minimum about of subpoints needed to divide a main point?
answer
2
question
Aspect of outlining states we should have even development on each point?
answer
Balance
question
Is it okay for one main point to have 3 subpoints and another to have 2
answer
No.
question
Aspect of outlining that requires that main points flow directly from purpose statement?
answer
Coherence
question
Where should Main points flow from? subpoints?
answer
Purpose statement Main point
question
Aspect of outlining that requires we commincate finished thoughts in outline/speech
answer
Completeness
question
What are the two most common ways to organize outline? What does each mean
answer
Topical - Organizing by subject Chronological - Organizing by time
question
Which method of organizing speech divides speech by architecture or space, such as left to right, or up-to-down
answer
Spatial
question
Pertaining to organizing speech, dividing the speech on Trump tower into features of each floor would be an example of what
answer
Spatial
question
Pertaining to organizing speech, delves into cause an effect
answer
Causal
question
What types of speeches can causal organization be used for?
answer
Informative and persuasive
question
Pertaining to organizing speech, explore nature of problem and proposes a solution as well
answer
Problem-Solution/Problem-Cause-Solution
question
What would this example be an example of pertaining to speech organization: Purpose Statement - to argue for stricter regulation of the food supply in U.S The food supply in the U.S is often too contaminated More stringest FDA regulations of U.S food would significantly reduce problem
answer
Problem-Cause-Soluton
question
Pertaining to Speech organization, Outlining a choice and comparing which choice or solution is more beneficial.
answer
Comparative Advantages Pattern
question
Pertaining to speech organization, a speech that is organized around a story
answer
Narrative Approach
question
[ertaining to speech organization, used for persuade someone to actually go out and DO something (Example: Purpose - to advocate increased regulation of our food production)
answer
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
question
What are the FIVE steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence?
answer
Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action
question
An organizational marker that indicates the structure of a speech and notifies listeners that a particular point is going to be addressed (Example: First... Second...)
answer
Signpost
question
words or phrases to connect what was said with what will be said (Examples: However, moreover)
answer
Transitions
question
What three things should you include in verbal work citations?
answer
Source, Time, Date
question
If you use a statistic in a verbal work citation, should you include a date? Why or why not?
answer
Yes, because statistics and the relevancy change over time
question
Are volume and page numbers necessary in verbal citations?
answer
no.
question
What three things do speakers need to consider when potentially citing a source?
answer
The Author The Sponsor The Recency
question
When citing a source, what it a good time frame to consider?
answer
5 years
question
If there is no clear author but a clear and reputable sponsor such as the Human Society, or the American Cancer Society, what do you do?
answer
Cite the sponsor or website
question
Types of speech: Someone who is leaving or retiring
answer
Tribute speech
question
Types of speech: Meant to commemorate deceased, in narrative form, strong attention getter
answer
Eulogy
question
Types of speech: Inspirational, occurs at graduation
answer
Commencement
question
Types of speech: Presentation that typically occurs at a formal gathering at some group
answer
After-Dinner Speech
question
Types of speech: Happens when receiving an award
answer
Acceptance Speech
question
Types of speech: Introduces audience to featured speaker
answer
Introduction Speech
question
Types of speech: Communicates what the award is for and why receiver is being presented with award
answer
Speech of Presentation
question
Types of speech: Praise or celebrate somone
answer
Toast (tribute speech)
question
Types of speech: Pokes fun at honoree as a way of expressing admiration of attraction
answer
Roast
question
What are two rules to follow for tribute speeches?
answer
Should Be short Emphasis positive qualities, why they will be missed
question
What are 5 objectives of a eulogy
answer
Capture attention Tell stories of who they are and what reps them Lighthearted, don't make people more sad Pray for them, not TO them Finish strong, reflect on the person and comfort those who're grieving
question
What's main point of commencement speech
answer
Engage/Impart wisdom on listeners
question
What is important during after-dinner speeches
answer
Humor and relevant central point
question
What are three bullet points of acceptance speech?
answer
Should be appreciative, genuine, and humble Express pleasure at receiving an award Thank short list of important people
question
What are two objectives of intro speech
answer
Create interest Remember you are not main point
question
How should present award during speech of presentation
answer
Present with left hand, shake with right
question
What are two examples where a tribute speech is appropriate?
answer
Weddings and Bdays
question
What is an important gesture during trivute speeches
answer
raise glass
question
Four essential steps in a roast are...
answer
Humor Positive Tone Brief Heartfelt Serious Note
question
Pertaining to Toulman's Structure of Argument: That which is asserted and requires support, usually has 'should' in it
answer
Claim
question
Pertaining to Toulman's Structure of Argument: Reasons to accept a claim and the evidence used to support those reasons
answer
Grounds (evidnce/reasons)
question
Pertaining to Toulman's Structure of Argument: The reasoning that links the grounds to the claim. It is usually implied not stated explicitly. Implied message that connects claim and grounds
answer
Warrant
question
Pertaining to Toulman's Structure of Argument: the Reasons and relevant evidence that support the warrant
answer
Backing
question
Pertaining to Toulman's Structure of Argument: Exceptions or refutation that diminish the force of the claim
answer
Rebuttal
question
Pertaining to Toulman's Structure of Argument:
answer
Degree to truth to the claim (possible, plausible, probable, highly probable
question
Should grounds be opinions or facts?
answer
Facts
question
Reasoning from specific observations or instances to a generalization/conclusion
answer
Induction
question
Determining a general law by using a particular instance as an example
answer
Deduction
question
What three points do styllogism (basic structures of arguments) have?
answer
Main premise Minor Premise Conclusion
question
What is the diff between a valid and a sound argument?
answer
Valid arguments have conclusions that logically come from premises, even if they are not true Sound arguments must have true premises
question
Pertaining to STATISTICS, What are four things we must be careful about p
answer
questionable statistics self-selected results random sample results accuracy/inaccuracy of predictions
question
Name calling that is NOT justified as legitimate, reasonable attack on character
answer
Ad hominem fallacy
question
Name calling justified by evidence
answer
Ad homenem attacks
question
States that when two things are somewhat related, that does not mean that one caused the other
answer
Causation by Correlation
question
Using isolated events to make generalizations
answer
Hasty generalizations
question
What four things are needed in verbal citations?
answer
1) Source name 2) Year 3) Month 4) Date
question
What are some examples of a signpost?
answer
First Second Third
question
What are some examples of a transition?
answer
Moreover However Also
question
What is the purpose of Monroe's Motivated Sequence?
answer
To get people to take an action
question
What is communication orientation? What is performance orientation?
answer
Focusing on message of speech, its clarity, and overall what you are saying Focusing on how you look, where you stand, and what your voice sounds like
question
What are the four types of tribute speehces?
answer
Toast, roast, euglogy, commencement
question
What is the main purpose of infortmative speeches? Persuasive?
answer
Teaches/informs Persuades
question
What should the relevance statement include?
answer
A source which support topic and explains it's relevance to audience
question
In formal logic, structure used to come to deduction
answer
Syllogism
question
Which part of Toulmin Structure often contains the word "should"
answer
Claim
question
Which part of Toulmin Structure often is implied and not explicitly state
answer
Warrant
question
Out of the following which one is the claim (Toulim): A) The last three guys she dated were brainy, two had college degrees B) I can and should date Supermodel Jasmine C) She is a supermodel who can date literally anyone she wants D) She dates brainy, average looking guys E) I am a brainy average, looking guy
answer
B
question
Out of the following which one is the grounds (Toulmin): A) The last three guys she dated were brainy, two had college degrees B) I can and should date Supermodel Jasmine C) She is a supermodel who can date literally anyone she wants D) She dates brainy, average looking guys E) I am a brainy average, looking guy
answer
E
question
Out of the following which one is the warrant (Toulmin): A) The last three guys she dated were brainy, two had college degrees B) I can and should date Supermodel Jasmine C) She is a supermodel who can date literally anyone she wants D) She dates brainy, average looking guys E) I am a brainy average, looking guy
answer
D
question
Out of the following which one is the backing (Toulmin): A) The last three guys she dated were brainy, two had college degrees B) I can and should date Supermodel Jasmine C) She is a supermodel who can date literally anyone she wants D) She dates brainy, average looking guys E) I am a brainy average, looking guy
answer
A
question
Out of the following which one is the rebuttal (Toulmin): A) The last three guys she dated were brainy, two had college degrees B) I can and should date Supermodel Jasmine C) She is a supermodel who can date literally anyone she wants D) She dates brainy, average looking guys E) I am a brainy average, looking guy
answer
C
question
Diversionary tactic of attacking the messanger to avoid the message
answer
Ad Hominem Fallacy
question
When are personal attacks NOT ad hominem fallacies, but instead ad hominem attacks?
answer
When the claim raises issue of person's credibility, character, or trustworthiness
question
What are 5 aspects to practice for development of competent delivery
answer
1. Eye contact: Connecting with your audience 2. Voice: Developing vocal variety 3. Fluency: Avoiding excessive vocal fillers 4. Speaking rate: Finding the right pace 5. Articulation and pronunciation: Striving for clarity of speech
question
What are the four main types of examples?
answer
Hypothetical Real Brief Extended
question
When using statistics, what should we always include? How often should we use them?
answer
A date Sparingly
question
What are 5 bullet points of using statistics competently
answer
1) Accurate 2) Concrete 3) Comparisons or more than one stat 4) Credible Source 5) Recency