Speech Chapter 12-15 – Flashcards
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public speaking
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powerful form of communication that includes a speaker who has a reason for speaking, an audience that gives the speaker attention, and a message that is meant to accomplish a purpose.
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audience analysis
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highly systematic process of getting to know your listeners relative to the topic and the speech occasion
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demographics
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quantifiable social categories of groups of people
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psychographics
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psychological qualities such as attitudes, values, lifestyles, behaviors and interests
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homogeny
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sameness
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brainstorming
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amassing information, thinking creatively and considering problems and solutions related to your topic
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clustering
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identifying potential speech topics whereby the writer begins with a core idea and branches out into a web of related thoughts and ideas
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specific purpose statement
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expresses both the topic and the general speech purpose in action form and in terms of the specific objectives you hope to achieve with your presentation
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thesis statement
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statement that conveys the central idea about your topic
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expert testimony
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opinion or judgement of an expert, a professional in his or her field
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lay testimony
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opinion of a non expert who has personal experience or witnessed an event related to your topic
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scientific research findings
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carry a lot of weight with audiences, particularly if your topic is related to medicine, health, media, or the environment
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statistics
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information provided in numerical form
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anecdotes
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brief, personal stories that have a point or punch line
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surveys
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involve soliciting answers to a question or series of questions
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directory
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type of secondary resource
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library gateways
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collections of databases and information sites arranged by subject, generally reviewed and recommended by experts
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search engine
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program that indexes web content
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metasearch engine
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search engine that scans multiple search engine simultaneously
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research search engine
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searches for only for research published in acedemic books, journals, and other periodicals
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credibility
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quality, authority, and reliability, of each source you use
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running bibliography
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list of resources you've consulted
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main points
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central claims that support your specific speech purpose and your thesis
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subpoints
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provide support for the main points
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chronological pattern
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presents the main points of a message forward (or backward) in a systematic, time-related fashion
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topical pattern
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organization into categories, such as person, places, things, or processes
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primary-recency effect
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can offer some guidance in that it notes that audiences are most likely to remember points you raise at the beginning or end of a message, indicating that you might place your strongest point first or last so that your audience members keep it in mind long after the presentation
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spatial pattern
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arranges main points in terms of their physical proximity in relation to each other
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problem-solution pattern
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trying to call an audience to action to address a particular problem
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cause-effect pattern
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attempt to organize the message around cause-to-effect or effect-to-cause relationships
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narrative pattern
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tie points together in a way that presents a vivid story, complete with characters, setting, plot and imagery
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motivated sequence pattern
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five-step plan for organizing a speech that can be useful in a variety of contexts
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transitions
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sentences that connect different points, thoughts, and details in a way that allows them to flow naturally from one to the next
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signposts
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key words or phrases within a sentence that signify transitions between points
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internal preview
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prime the audience for the content immediately ahead
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internal summaries
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allow the speaker to crystallize the points made in one section of a speech before moving to the next section
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call to action
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asks listeners to act in response to the speech
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sentence outline
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offers the full text of what you want to say in your speech
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phrase outline
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takes parts of sentences and uses those phrases as instant reminders of what the point or subpoint means
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key-word outline
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briefest possible outline, consisting of specific "key words" from the sentence outline to job the speaker's memory
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preparation outline
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draft that you will use, and probably revisit and revise continually, throughout the preparation of your speech
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speaking outline
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final speech plan, complete with details, delivery tips, and important notes about presentational aids
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delivery cues
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brief reminders about important information related to the delivery of your speech that are for your eyes alone
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oral citations
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references to source materials that you mention in the narrative of your speech
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public speaking anxiety (PSA)
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nervousness we experience when we know we have to communicate publicly to an audience
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communication apprehension (CA)
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a more general "fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons"
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performance visualization
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imagining positive scenarios and personal success, a technique
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impromptu speaking
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where you speak to an audience without any preparation
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oratory
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speaking from memory
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extemporaneous speaking
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plan the content, organization and delivery but instead of writing it out, you speak from an outline
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monotone
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not varying your pitch when you speak
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speaking rate
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how fast or slow you speak
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pronunciation
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correct formation of word sounds
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articulation
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clarity and forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly
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mumbling
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when a speaker omits certain sounds in a word, runs words together, and speaks so softly that a listener can hardly hear
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accents
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patterns of pronunciation that are specific to a certain upbringing, geographical region, or culture
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scanning
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move your eyes from one person to another
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posture
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to position of your arms, legs and how you carry your body
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planting
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how you prevent movements from happening if you are one who fidgets
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bar graphs
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shows the relationship of two or more sets of figures
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informative speaking
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increase the audience's understanding or knowledge
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objective
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presents facts and information in a straightforward and evenhanded way, free of influence from the speaker's influences or opinions
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subjective
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presents facts and information from a particular point of view
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descriptive presentation
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paint a mental picture for your audience to portray places, events, persons, objects, or processes clearly and vividly
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demonstration speech
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answer "how" questions
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definitional speeches
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to provide answers to "what" questions
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operational definition
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defines something by explaining what it is or what it does
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definition by negation
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defines something by telling what it is not
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definition by example
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defines something by offering concrete examples of what it is
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definition by synonym
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defines something by using words that closely mean the same thing
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definition by etymology
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defines something by using the origin of a word or phrase
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explanatory speeches
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answer as "why?" or "what does that mean?"
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elucidating explanations
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details that illuminate the concept's meaning and use
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quasi-scientific explanations
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provide a model or picture of the key dimensions of some phenomenon for a particular audience
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transformative explanations
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designed to help speakers transform "theories" about phenomena into more accepted notions
