SPED Quiz #2
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Define learning disability:
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A disability in which there is a discrepancy between a person's ability and academic achievement; the individual possesses average intellectual ability
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Learning disabilities tend be a ______ condition.
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Chronic
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What is phonological awareness?
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A possible explanation for the reading problems of some students with learning disabilities. It is difficulty is recognizing the correspondence between specific sounds and certain letters that make up words.
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What are the three categories of possible causes of intellectual ability that are based on the time of onset?
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1. Prenatal- Occurring before birth 2. Perinatal- Occurring around the time of birth 3. Postnatal- Occurring after birth
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Name some factors that put a child at a higher risk of developing a learning disability?
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-Maternal alcohol/drug abuse -Poverty -Low birth weight -Child abuse -Head trauma -Malnutrition
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If Sherry has trouble maintaining attention during an instructional lesson, what is the best instructional model for her?
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Direct Instruction
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Define Dire Instruction:
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A teacher-directed instructional technique used to produce gains in specific academic skills; emphasizes drill and practice along with immediate feedback and reward
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What is the learning strategies approach?
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Instructional methodologies focusing on teaching students how to learn. It's designed to assist pupils in becoming more actively engaged and involved in their own learning.
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A difficulty in using language correctly in social situations is referred to as a deficit in what?
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Pragmatics
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What is the metacognition?
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The ability to evaluate and monitor one'a own performance
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What are pragmatics?
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A sociolinguistic system involving the use of communication skills in social contexts.
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What are pragmatic difficulties?
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Problems in understanding and using language in different social contexts
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Name some common, controversial, incorrect labels that are often used to describe children with disabilities:
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Neurologically impaired, perceptually disordered, hyperactive, retarded, slow learner, stupid, remedial reader
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Who was Samuel Kirk?
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The first man to coin the term \"learning disability\" in a parent-teacher conference. The label was enthusiastically received and helped unite the participants to become an organization called the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities, the precursor of today's Learning Disabilities Association of America.
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Which of the following is not a common component of the definition of learning disability? A. Presence of intellectual disability B. Discrepancy between assumed ability and actual achievement C. Difficulty in learning in one or more subject area D. Presumption of central nervous system malfunction
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A. Presence of an intellectual disability
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What is the identification label for young children who evidence a persistent learning disability, but are too young for proper evidence and diagnosis?
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Developmentally delayed
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List 3 accommodations that can be made for children with learning disabilities while taking tests?
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1. Extra time on exams 2. Taking exams in a distraction-free setting 3. Taking the exam in a different format
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List the common components in the definition of a learning disability:
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1. Intellectual functioning with the normal range 2. Significant gap or discrepancy between a student's assumed potential and actual achievement 3. Cognitive processing deficits 4. Interference that learning disabilities are not primarily caused by other disabilities or extrinsic factors 5. Difficulty in learning in one or more academic area 6. Presumption of central nervous system dysfunction 7. Lifelong condition
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What are competency areas?
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Areas of learning in which there is discrepancy in achievement
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Which competency area could possibly indicate a learning disability?
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Written expression
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What are the 4 categories of etiologies (causes) of learning disabilities?
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1. Acquired Trauma- injury or damage to the central nervous system 2. Genetic/Hereditary Influence- learned disabilities tend to run in families 3. Biochemical Abnormalities- allergic reactions, reactions to chemicals, blood malfunctions 4. Environmental Possibilities- poverty, malnutrition, lack of health care, quality of instruction (bad teaching)
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The response to intervention model (RTI) shifts from what concept that is attributed to the discrepancy model?
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The \"wait to fail\" approach
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What is learned helplessness?
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Chronic difficulties with academic assignments that lead children to anticipate failure. It commonly develops in children with learning disabilities; they see success as an unattainable goal no matter how hard they try. They may frequently give up and not even attempt to complete a task.
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What are common consequences of learned helplessness?
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-Loss of self-esteem -Lack of motivation
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Why is it important to seek medical evaluation when assessing a child with ADHD?
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It's important to rule out other medical conditions that may be contributing to the behavior of concern
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What is a functional behavior assessment?
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A behavioral strategy that seeks to determine the purpose of function that a particular behavior serves, and what triggers and maintains that behavior
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What is self-regulaton in terms of working with ADHD children?
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It is a highly recommended strategy for children with ADHD that requires students to stop, think about what they're doing, compare their behavior to a criterion, record the results of their comparison, and receive reinforcement.
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One of your students has been through the referral processes and did not qualify for special education services under IDEA. You are still concerned that the child may need extra help to succeed in school. What should you do?
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See that the student receives services under Section 504
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What educational setting is the most beneficial for students with ADHD?
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Each case of ADHD must is different, and accommodations and services must be made case-by-case.
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You are concerned that one of your students may be exhibiting symptoms of ADHD. What is one of the first approaches you may take to assist the student before referring them to services?
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Place them in the least distracting location in the class
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What is the most popular form of medication used to treat individuals with ADHD?
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Psychostimulants. These drugs activate or enhance specific aspects of the neurological functioning that in turn effect executive functions.
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An intervention which features positively stating the rules, having clear expectations, and identifying reinforcers in called?
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Self-monitoring
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Why are some professionals concerned with the identification of ADHD in culturally diverse groups?
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Because the rating scales used to identify the disorder may reflect bias towards or against certain cultural groups
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What are executive functions?
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Internal regulation of one's own behavior through control of emotions, inner speech, memory, arousal levels, and motivation. Those with impaired executive function may experience forgetfulness, difficulty following rules and directions, or lack of emotional control. Individuals with ADHD experience impaired executive function.
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Which of the following is a good suggestion for a teacher who is working with a student who has ADHD and also struggling with oral expression? A. Substitute a display for an oral report B. Call on the student randomly to speak out loud so they will get used to it C. Correct the student when their oral expression is inaccurate D. Provide strict guidelines for what the student should discuss
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D. Provide strict guidelines for what the student should discuss
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Difficulty waiting turns is an example of which component of behavioral inhibition?
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Interrupting a response that has already been initiated
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What can assurance and encouragement from the teacher do to serve a student with ADHD?
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-Motivate the student to attend to the task at hand -Increase the student's self-esteem -Open lines of communication
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What type of classroom environment does a student with ADHD respond to best?
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Structured and predictable classrooms where the students knows the rules and what to expect
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How is self-monitoring/regulation behavior in students with ADHD effective?
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It improves academic and performance issues
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List some environmental factors that research has found to contribute to ADHD:
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-Maternal smoking -Alcohol abuse -Illicit drug use -Lead poisoning -Complications at birth -Low birth weight -Prematurity
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Describe how the term \"mental retardation\" is generally viewed in our society:
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Stereotyped and misunderstood
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A professional is working with an adult with an intellectual ability, and helps him move out of an institution into a supported living environment, dresses him in clothing that currently in fashion, helps him obtain employment, and helps him obtain meaningful friendships. What is the term for this professional's work?
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Mainstreaming
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According to the 1992 AAIDD definition, when does an intellectual disability manifest itself?
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Before the age of 18
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A teacher is working to teach a student with intellectual abilities new skills. Given the student's functioning level, the teacher anticipates the student shouldn't have difficulty learning new skills. However, during class, the student often puts his head down and says, \"I can't\" and \"I need help,\" refusing to attempt the skills on his own. This student may be showing signs of what?
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Learned helplessness
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The most recent data on educational placement for students with intellectual disabilities indicates that the most common placement for them is where?
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Self-contained in separate classrooms
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Give examples of skills taught in functional curriculum sessions for adult with intellectual disabilities?
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-Riding the bus to a shopping location -Folding towels -Ironing -Grocery shopping -Cooking -Cleaning
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What is scaffolding?
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A cognitive teaching strategy in which a teacher provides temporary support to a student with a learning/intellectual ability who is learning a new task; supports are gradually removed as the pupil becomes increasingly competent within the activity
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A 8 year old girl living in the United States who is able to dress herself, brush her own hair, make a peanut butter sandwich, and do her homework is an example of what?
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Intellectual functioning
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What are the 2 criteria used to determine whether a child has an intellectual disability?
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Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
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People with intellectual disabilities often experience difficulty with academic performance. The weakest area is most often what?
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Reading comprehension
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What percentage of school-aged children (6-21 years old) identify with having an intellectual ability?
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1%
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What is task analysis?
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An instructional methodology whereby complex tasks are analyzed and broken down into smaller, sequential, component parts; each part is taught separately and then as a whole
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What are 5 characteristics of children with learning disabilities?
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1. Hyperactivity 2. Written language challenges 3. Memory difficulties 4. Reading disorders 5. Oral language difficulties
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List 3 ways the characteristics of individuals with learning disabilities may manifest in the classroom that makes them of concern to educators?
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1. Reading disorders may make the child's reading level substantially low for their expected academic achievement level. May show as dyslexia, phonemic awareness, and other reading disorders. 2. Written language challenges may prove to be hindering to the child's ability to write, spell, read, or communicating with others. 3. Students with memory difficulties have trouble with remembering academic and nonacademic information. They may forget homework assignments, directions, numbers, and other information necessary to maintain proper behavior and performance in the classroom.
