spc final – Flashcard
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As a Sophist, Gorgias believed that truth was often relative to circumstances and depended upon kairos. What is kairos?
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a speaker ability to take advantage of the right moment or opportune timing to make a convincing arguement
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What was the Socratic method, and what purpose did it serve?
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developed by the classical greek philosopher socrates, the socratic method utilized a sequence of questions to illuminate ideas and expose truth and bias
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Which Ancient Greek philosopher and rhetorician was responsible for naming the three types of appeals or proofs -- ethos, logos, and pathos -- that public speakers should use to craft ethical and effective persuasive speeches?
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aristotle
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When it comes to the speech classroom as an environment for public speaking, which of the following adjectives best describes an audience's attitude towards student public speakers?
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supportive
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Why do many students approach their first public speaking course with a certain degree of resistance and/or hostility?
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they are fearful of giving speeches in public
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Why was Aristotle so critical of delivery, which can be defined as the means used to perform a speech live before an audience?
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because a pleasant sound and appearance often trumps the substance of a speakers message
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Why were the Platonic Socrates and Aristotle suspicious of orators in their day?
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- they were suspicious of seductive " figures of speech" that would prevent audiences from carefully dissecting public arguments - they were suspicious of speakers who would prioritize style over substance
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Which word best describes the art of eloquence, or the use of words to inspire others?a) Magical b) Powerful c) Secretive d) Deceptive e) Elitist
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magical
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Which of the following best represents the stance the author takes towards addressing the classical Greek roots of public speaking within the new context of a digital age?
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re-energize the past and the digital present by understanding what they can teach each other
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True or False: The reference to Adolf Hitler's autobiography Mein Kampf was used to illustrate the point that the 'magical' properties of public speech will, in the end, always be used to support good and just causes.
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false
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This is perhaps the most important way to manage your anxiety about giving a public speech:
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practice your speech several times, preferably in the same room in which you'll be deliviring your speech, and/or in front of a small audience
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) Our adrenaline tends to accelerate different bodily processes before we get up to give a speech, including our heart rate, muscle tension, and our rate of speech. As a result, what is the best thing we can do to manage our body's stress in such circumstances?
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-deliberately slow down-not just your rate of speech during your presentation-but try and self-consciously slow down every aspect of your daily routine in the day of a speech - take some deep breaths combines with tensing and releasing select music groups -
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What point was the author trying to illustrate about public speaking with his example of American figure skater Michelle Kwan's habit of repeating the word "ooze" to herself during choreography sessions?
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by thinking of a word or phrase that concentrates the body and mind, public speakers-can enhance a sense of self-awareness that can be so instrumental to performative excellence
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What point was the author trying to illustrate with his example of former basketball great Bill Russell's habit of pre-game vomiting before important games?
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even the best performers expereince severe anxiety
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What are some of the elements of your classroom public speaking environment that should function to alleviate "state apprehension"?
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- your audience will be eager to see you succeed - you will be speaking in relatively small and familiar classrooms where the acoustics are good - you will have some flexibility to select most if not all of your speech topics -your teacher will work with you to help you succeed as a public speaker
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True or False: "Trait apprehension" is defined as a fear of speaking brought about by a unique set of speaking circumstances such as speaking off the cuff before a large audience of experts in an unfamiliar setting.
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False
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One way to avoid slipping into a "robotic spell" when delivering your speech is to involve your audience by posing strategic questions to them within your speech. Why is this important?
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- Assuming we give our audience time to contemplate and/or answer our questions directly, asking questions forces us to be present in the moment rather than racing through our speech. -posing question to our audiences helps ensure that they are paying attention to us as speakers
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Deliberate Practice is used by elite public speakers to:
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- Become aware of speaking flaws -seek expert feedback -accomplish very specific goals
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Which of the following did researcher Helen Lie identify as effective techniques that successful speakers intentionally used to practice for their speeches?
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- if possible, record and analyze your practice sessions -If possib;e, practice your speech in the same room in which you'll be delivering the speech for real -repeat your practice session until you get it right
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True or False: "State apprehension" is defined as a fear of speaking brought about by a unique set of speaking circumstances such as speaking off the cuff before a large audience of experts in an unfamiliar setting.
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true
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The author defines metaphors as comparisons between two seemingly different things that share something important in common. _______ metaphors are ones that resonate deeply across time and cultures, and are used to dramatize fundamental aspects of human experience such as "light and darkness," "the seasons," and height ("high" and "low").
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Archetypal
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Television commercials are known for them. Geico, for example, recently described happy customers as "happier than a bodybuilder directing traffic," "happier than Gallagher at a farmer's market," and "happier than a witch in a broom factory." Public speakers would be wise to employ these _______ used to add clarity and often humor to a speech.
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Analogies
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The Romans categorized different forms of style as plain, middle, or grand. Which style emphasizes getting your point across with clarity, simplicity, and precision?a) Grand b) Middle c) Plain
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plain
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What point was the author trying to illustrate with his example of broadcaster Gary McCord's banishment from The Masters golf tournament after he referred to "body bags" piling up next to the "bikini waxed" surfaces of the putting greens on the famed Augusta National golf course?
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even though McCord's television audience by-and-large did not complain about his remarks, Masters tournament organizers felt that McCord failed to uphold the standard of decorum for their dignified event, thus proving that what might be appropriate for one audience could be quite offensive to others
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Aristotle referred to this style of speaking as a "golden mean," such that speakers aiming to advocate for some type of course of action or change should often aim for a style between the colloquial or everyday language and an ornamental or formal style of speech.
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Middle
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The most appropriate type of style to use when delivering a speech to praise, memorialize, or celebrate - also known as commemorative speaking - is the _______ style.
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Grand
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The example Houck cites of baseball commentators referring to "arms" (for pitchers) and "bats" (for hitters) is an example of what figure of speech?
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synechdoche
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One form of eloquence that the author cites as a frequent stylistic device used by speakers such as President Barack Obama, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill is _______.
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Repetition
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The following occasions might call for a little _______ to reduce tension, deflect an audience's attention away from an awkward situation, and/or increase an audience's attention to your speech: 1) a construction worker fires up a jackhammer right outside the room where you are giving your speech; 2) a car alarm is tripped outside your speech classroom and nobody deactivates it; or 3) while sharing pictures of a campus event posted to your Facebook page with students, a friend instant messages you a rather ribald greeting.
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Humor
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When a speaker repeats the same sounds, either at the beginning of words or in the syllabus stressed (e.g., "nattering nabobs of negativity"), s/he is using this figure of speech.
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Alliteration
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According to our author, which of the following is the 'best' phrased specific purpose?
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to persuade my audience to donate blood at the next campus blood drive
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Which of the following is a potential source for generating a speech topic?
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-Personal passions -Academic Major -Work -Current events
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A Venn Diagram to demonstrate which of the following?
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The "football" shaped area in the middle of the diagram-where your interest and that of your audience overlap--is the "go spot" for topics.
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Taking into account the unique dynamics or our audience when crafting speeches is to be _______.
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Audience centered
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Aristotle called _______ the "controlling factor" in compelling speechmaking.
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Ethos
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Our author asserts our very multicultural world has rendered a lot of traditional audience analysis categorizing and generalizing as quaint and out-of-date, perhaps even dangerously misleading.
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True
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When it comes to our audience, our author highlights all of the following as important factors to consider EXCEPT:
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Taste important factors: Age, Politics, Economics
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Our author uses the example of eulogizing his grandmother to demonstrate which of the following?
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- The expectations of our audience, often borne out of tradition, are important and should be considered in our speechmaking - We must consider the settling in which a speech will be delivered so we can craft messages appropriate to the environment and occasion - Age matters to all manners of public speaking and settings
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Of the three general types of survey questions: the fixed-alternative question; the scaled question; or the open-ended question, which offers a range of possible answers?
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The scaled question
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) The nonverbal cue of _______ refers to the way in which we use space and distance to communicate.
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Proxemics
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Nonverbal communication is:
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-How we convey our message through our use of face, voice, and body -Can help us command the attention of our audiences
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When it comes to closing an informative speech versus a persuasive, our author makes a distinction: which of the following is NOT included in the closing of an informative speech, but is an essential component of a persuasive speech?
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A call to action
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Rhetorical theorist Walter R. Fisher's claim that we are homo sapiens and also homo narrans best indicates which of the following?
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we are hardwired to tell stories
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) The psychological theory of primacy-recency suggests which of the following?
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we are more likely to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series than what comes between
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When it comes to establishing our own credibility in a speech, our author suggests we should be _______.
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direct
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Monroe's Motivated Sequence, a version of the problem-solution organizational pattern, includes which of the of following five distinct steps?
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-Attention, Need , Satisfaction, Visualization, Action
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Connectives, words and phrases used in public speaking to help our listeners "navigate" our speeches, include which of the following?
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-Signposts -Transitions -Internal previews and reviews
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According to our author, which of the following is the best way to settle on an organizational pattern for your speech?
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Allow the purpose to determine the patern
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Of the organizational speech patterns discussed by our author, which pattern is premised on time—usually a movement from early to late, or beginning to ending, or that can also relate to things involving a process?
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Chronological
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A statement or question that has nothing to do with the subject matter at hand is what the Romans called _______, which literally translates to 'does not follow.'
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Non-sequitur
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When it comes to transforming our research into supporting material, our author suggests the we seek to contextualize our research by _______.
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-Disaggregratin to the numbers -comparing apples to apples -putting a human face on things
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When it comes to research, our author discusses the importance of knowing our own biases and being willing to research both/all sides of an issue for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?
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So we can find only the information that supports our argument
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Our author suggests an "aerial view" when seeking expansive primary research, and highlights which of the following as an excellent resource for such information?
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The federal census
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Which of the following best describes a primary source?
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The original source of historical material
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Our author uses the two spatial metaphors of depth and proximity to emphasize the ethical obligation we have to carefully research and learn more about any topic on which we may speak.
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True
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Our author offers which of the following as the preferred definition of persuasion?
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A verbal and/or nonverbal process in which attitudes, values, and beliefs are formed, reformed, or reinforced
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When it comes to persuasion, to _______ someone means to change that person's mind, and is by far the hardest sort of persuasion.
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Reform
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Aristotle's appeal of ethos refers to:
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the speakers credibility
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Our author suggested a number of ways we can incorporate Aristotle's emphasis on emotion and proximity to our persuasive advantage, including:
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-Tell a story -Think creatively about bringing an object with you that represents something of the larger whole -Always seek to invent creative ways to "plant" your evidence
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Aristotle's artistic proof of _______ is the use of well-reasoned speech to influence listeners.
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Logos
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The ancient Greeks developed a concept called _______, or the fitting time or moment in a speech.
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Kairos
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Our author suggests that leaving up a visual aid for an extended period, becoming enamored with our own visual aids, and spelling errors in any text we project are:
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Common mistakes to avoid
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When it comes to using visual aides, our author suggests all of the following EXCEPT:
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Make sure to use as much color as possible to gain attention
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Which type of visual aid typically uses proportions and color to relay information?
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Pie chart
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Our author suggests that even though our appearance is inconsequential, we should "dress the part" for our speeches.
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False
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When it comes to emotions when eulogizing, which of the following best reflects our author's recommendations?
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-That we sould expect emotion, and aim to use our manuscripts as a point of focus to allow us to speak even if feeling emotional -That, if feeling too emotional, perhaps a friend or familty member can deliver our carefully crafted words for us
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Our author suggests a manuscript will best serve our purposes for which of the following speeches?
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Euology
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When it comes to speeches of introduction, our author suggests—as the first point of order—which of the following?
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Make absolutely 100% certain that you know how to pronounce the person's name correctly
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While our author asserts there are no hard and fast rules about delivering a brief speech of thanks, he notes three key elements, including all of the following EXCEPT:
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Tell a joke
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Aristotle considered the moments at which we give special occasion speeches so important that he gave them their own genre: what he called _______ speaking, or speeches of praise and blame.
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Epidetic
