Spaatz Leadership (Learn to Lead Volumes I-IV) Flashcards
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Why do volunteers volunteer?
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1. They were asked 2. They are affiliated with an organization 3. Personal connection to the mission 4. Enjoy the type of work performed 5. Learn new skills 6. To meet new people
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4 arts for sustained involvement:
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1. Active listening 2. Mentoring 3. Public dialogue 4. Evaluation and reflection
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(Volume 4) 3 principles that made strategic bombing successful
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1. Principle of mass 2. Principle of objective 3. Principle of economy of force
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Asch Paradigm
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Conformity in groups
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I.M.
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Inspirational Motivation
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Define BANTA
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The plan to follow if negotiation would fail
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The process of discussing and debating ethical questions causes people to rethink and refine their initial and immature positions, thereby propelling them up Kohlberg's stages
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Kohlberg's Principles for Character Development
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L.F.
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Laissez-Faire
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C.R.
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Contingent Reward
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I.S.
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Intellectual Stimulation
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List the 6 stages in Kohlberg's Theory
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1. Obedience and Punishment 2. Individualism 3. Interpersonal relations 4. The social order 5. Social contract 6. Universal principles
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The act of taking one's own unacknowledged thoughts or feelings and falsely attributing them to someone else
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Projection
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The practice of intensely studying an issue, trying to see it clearly, and not becoming distracted by other issues
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Focused thinking
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Name the fallacy: "Apples and oranges"
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Weak analogy
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Demonstrates a high concern for results with a low concern for people
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9, 1 Style: Controlling
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The process whereby a living thing learns to connect a stimulus to reflex
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Classical conditioning
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Occurs when someone redirects feelings about something onto something less threatening
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Displacement
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Analysis, logic, science, and math are attributed to:
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Left brain thinking
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A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole
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A system
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When each person within an organization establishes a personal vision, suddenly the organization nears a ____
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Shared vision
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Emotions, intuition, art, and creativity are attributed to:
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Right brain thinking
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Define the 80/20 Rule
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Leaders should spend 80% of their time on the top 20% of the issues they face
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4 stages of a team's lifecycle
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Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing
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Demonstrates a low concern for results and a high concern for people
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1, 9 Style: Accommodating
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Found in the middle of the grid figure with medium levels of concern for both people and results
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5, 5 Style: Status Quo
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Demonstrates low concern for people and results
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1, 1 Style: Indifferent
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Name the fallacy: "we've always done it this way"
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Appeal to tradition
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Name the fallacy: "a thought/information not relevant to the issue at hand"
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Red herring
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When a person fails to acknowledge facts that would be apparent to others
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Denial
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Entails removing oneself from events, people, things, etc., that bring to mind painful thoughts and feelings
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Withdrawl
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First step to creating a learning organization
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Recognize that organizations are a large system that encompasses many small systems
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Legitimate power, reward power, and coercive power
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Position power
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Men and women have the capability to think
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True reason
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The principle that those affected by a business or organization should be allowed to know about its operations and practices
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Transperency
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Acknowledges the limits of nature and tries to take a long-term systems view as to how it impacts the environment
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Sustainability (green business)
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The belief that despite cultures disagreeing about ethics across history, some moral principles have universal validity
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Moral Objectivism
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Involves the careful management of what is not yours
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Stewardship
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The abuse of entrusted power for private gain
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Corruption
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The habitual disposition toward the good for good's own sake
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Virtue
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Any program designed to shape directly and systematically the behavior of young people
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Character education
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The war-fighter's essential duties
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Code of conduct
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Leaders who are concerned with the development and performance of individuals who do not directly report to them
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Leadership from a distance
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Define: "code of rules and ethics for working together in groups"
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Parliamentary procedure
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Basic fairness requires that a good number of members be present for the committees work to be legit
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The Quorum
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Executive-level leader who tasks the project manager with running the project, and/or approves that individual's request to launch the new initiative
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The Project Sponsor
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Name: "Discussions among ten individuals are difficult enough; discussions among one hundred people are virtually impossible on practical grounds"
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Manageable group size
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6 tools leaders can use to ensure productive committee meetings
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1. Goal statements 2. Objective-driven agendas 3. Read-ahead 4. Oral presentation 5. Agenda sequencing and breakouts 6. Closings and minutes
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Course critiques, customer surveys, help desk logs, scores on final exam, and similar tools provide managers with feedback they can use to improve the project
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Feedback Instruments
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4 functions of management
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1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Leading 4. Controlling
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A group that seeks to further a certain career field, helps members succeed in that profession, and uphold the public trust
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Professional Association
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When leaders simply model the right behavior
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Leadership by example
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____ allows people to discuss behaviors in a "disconnected" way that reduces defensiveness and judgement
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The grid theory
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List of topics to somehow be covered during a meeting
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Topical agenda
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Specifies what the committee will accomplish
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Objective-driven agenda
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Deeply held internal images of how the world works, images that limit us to familiar was of thinking and acting
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Mental models
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____ is a learning process that provides an opportunity for positive growth
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Constructive discipline
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Brief verbal cues indicating your progress through an outline
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Signpost
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Warriors defend ____
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Something valuable- their personal honor; warrior spirit
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4 most common forms of a speech
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Manuscript, memory, impromptu, and extemporaneous
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Right and wrong is a matter of roles, laws, and other externals
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The social order
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5 types of conflict
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Parallel, displaced, mis-attributed, latent, and false
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To restrict within certain limits
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Circumscribe
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L.E.A.D. Model
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Lead with a clear purpose Empower to participate Aim for consensus Direct the team
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3 core learning capabilities of teams
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Aspiration, reflective conversation, and understanding complexity
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5 components of the Path-Goal model
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Directive leadership, supportive leadership, participative leadership, achievement-oriented leadership, and task/subordinate (or follower) characteristics
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The process through which leaders try to solve performance problems and develop their people
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Coaching
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Intersection between corporations and the public's trust
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
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U.S. Air Force doctrine states that leaders are ____
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Made through experience, education, and training
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Relating to the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities
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Egalitarian
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6 characteristics of an indirect leader
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1. Communication is more difficult 2. Less personal knowledge of subordinate/superior 3. Numbers of followers per leader increase 4. Indirect leaders solve fewer short-term issues 5. Spontaneous action and reaction are impossible for indirect leaders 6. The indirect leader is faced with problems beyond their control
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Upward Influence
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Direct leadership in reverse
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Open Door Policy
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Allows everyone access to the boss
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5 components of an organization
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The operating core, the middle line, the strategic apex, the techno-structure, and the support staff
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Skills involving developing and maintaining positive relationships with others
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Interpersonal skills
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Strong interpersonal skills lead to
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High interpersonal intelligence
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A curiosity about the ability to notice people's feelings and concerns
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Social analysis
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Studying the issue in detail
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In-depth discussion
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In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence
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"Peter principle"
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The reason for an action
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Motivation
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A leader exhibits essentially two kinds of behaviors:
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Task and relationship behaviors
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To adopt or support a cause, a belief, or a way of life
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Espouse
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Name the fallacy: "one thing leads to another"
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Slippery slope
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____ occurs when we "leap" to generalizations without testing them
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Leaps of abstraction
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Actions that relate to how a job or project gets done
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Task behaviors
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A simple expression of belief in oneself
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Motivational self-statements
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Critical aspect of path-goal theory
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The structure of the task
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All the different impressions, interpretations, evaluations, and expectations you have about yourself, other people, and situations
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Appraisals
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____ refers to the role of the leader to clear paths subordinates have to take in order to accomplish the goal
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Path-Goal Model
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The ideal style and integrates a high concern for people and results
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9, 9 Style: Sound
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Mind maps are
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Radial, graphical, and non-linear
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To generate ideas through quick, free-flow of thoughts
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Brainstorming
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Post Hoc Fallacy
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Correlation v. causation
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____ describes leaders who are supportive of followers, listens closely to them, and acknowledges their unique needs
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Individualized consideration
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Ad Hominem
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Attacking the other person instead of their arguement
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____ describes when faced with two choices and both are not very good
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False dilemma
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9, 1 Style and 1, 9 Style join to make a unique style
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Paternalistic Style
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F.O.C.U.S. Principles for writing
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Focused Organized Clear Understanding Supported
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SQ3R
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Survey, Question, Read, Recall, and Review
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____ explains leadership in terms of the personality and character of their leader
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Trait Theory
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Military hierarchy
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Top-down hierarchy
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____ provides a professional format for presenting concerns and solutions
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Staff study report
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The practice of stepping back from an issue or problem so as to take more of it in
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Big-Picture Thinking
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Motivators from within you
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Intrinsic rewards
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An exchange or transfer between leaders and followers
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Transactional Leadership
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The lowest level of leadership
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Tactical arena
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Biggest obstacle to shared thinking
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Emotional insecurity
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An error of reasoning; a mistake in logic
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Logical Fallacy
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Fallacy that misrepresents the opposing position, making it seem weaker than it is
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Straw Man Fallacy
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I.D. the needs, options, programs, and resources
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Policy Management
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3 core elements to public management
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Policy management, resource management, and program management
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____ of the organization can only be compiled with long-range planning
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Future picture
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4 core concerns for negotiating
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Actions acknowledged, affiliation, feeling respected, and fulfilling roles and activities
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A strategy that seeks to move both parties away from feeling defeated, cheated, or manipulated
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Principled negotiation
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9 components of strategic communication
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1. Leadership-driven 2. Credible 3. Understanding 4. Dialogue 5. Pervasive 6. Unity of effort 7. Results-based 8. Responsive 9. Continuous
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The orchestration and/or synchronization of actions, images, and words to achieve a desired effect
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Strategic communication
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4 fundamental CS challenges
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1. How to recruit and retain users 2. What users can do 3. How to combine their inputs 4. How to evaluate them
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When a system enlists a crowd of humans to help solve a problem defined by the system owners
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Crowd-sourcing
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4 keys to strategy
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1. Products offered 2. Market needs 3. Production capability 4. Return/profit
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____ are a function of how this direction is achieved
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Operations
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D.E.A.D. conflict styles
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Discussion, Engagement, Accommodation, and Dynamic
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____ must be separated from long-range planning and precede it
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Strategic thinking
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Long-range plans tend to be ____ even though they pretend it's not
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Inflexible
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Long-range planning usually begins with assumptions about 3 items
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Environment, Organizations's strengths and weaknesses
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Long-range plans tend to be overly
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Optimistic
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A fundamental tenet; a determining characteristic
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Principle
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Individuals who continually work on themselves to develop skills to provide consultation; collaborative networks to create social innovation
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Social artists
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____ are what make change work
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Details
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7 core factors in successful change management
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Clarity, engagement, resources, alignment, leadership, communication, and tracking
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8 pitfalls of change
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1. Ineffective case 2. Cost not recognized 3. Systems not aligned 4. One-directional communication 5. Management doesn't support 6. Lack of insight into stakeholder issues 7. Minimal involvement 8. Success assumed
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5 major components of change
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1. Open communication 2. Create visions and agents of change 3. Develop a learning environment 4. Provide training 5. Establish a team approach
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The tendency to not accept or believe information that's not consistent with what you already believe
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Cognitive dissonance
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"Soft power"
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Public diplomacy
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"Hard power"
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Traditional diplomacy
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Government reaching out to a public or polity to explain its cultures, values, policies, beliefs, and changes its image
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Public diplomacy
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7 steps to a more transparent organization
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1. Align senior leadership 2. Close gap between senior leaders and managers 3. Understand the financial impact 4. Communicate to front-line employees 5. Prep managers to answer tough questions 6. Treat everyone like adults for bad news 7. Keep people updated
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Final step before changing things
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"Take the temperature" of the environment
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Major roadblock to change
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Change doesn't happen in isolation
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Unfreezing the culture
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Static stage
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Change management required several steps (3)
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Unfreezing, create recognition for what's new, and refreeze the culture once change is accepting
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Points where system inputs are sufficient enough to cause exponential changes in new directions
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Tipping-point
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4 steps for engagement
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Survey, debate, have general staff explain their roles/concerns, and training/development
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Examples of stakeholders whose demands for greater transparency and accountability (6 things)
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Members, donors, media, regulators, the public, and volunteers
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Ethical hierarchy of values serves as the framework for ethical culture by encouraging (5 things)
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Financial competence, accountability, reciprocity, respect, and integrity
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4 engagement techniques during a project
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Orientation/training, utilization, balancing different personalities, and project closure
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6 ways to build volunteer initiatives
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Knows opportunities, integrated into training, visit off-site involvement, survey, colorful job description, and don't use "volunteer" in the ads
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3 steps to inquiry
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5 question survey, simple survey, and peer-interview survey
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Changing an organization's culture depends on _____
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Common framework
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Defining an organization's culture requires being able to identify ____
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Common organizational references
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3 separate motivational needs
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Affiliation, achievement, and power
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How to recruit and retain (6 ways)
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Pay users, require users to contribute/give them the authority to do so, ask for volunteers, make users pay for service, piggyback on well known systems, and instant gratification
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2 types of implicit system groups
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Standalone and piggyback
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Standalone systems that let users collaborate explicitly
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Explicit systems
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Explicit systems (4)
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Evaluating, sharing, networking, and building artifact
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Humans that function as components in the target artifact, such as social network, or just a community of users
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Component providers
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3 parts to synthesis of a system
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Identify a system, explain the behavior of the whole, and explain the behavior or properties
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3 foci of the Nuclear Triad
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1. Securing loose material from terrorists 2. Strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 3. Move toward a nuclear free world
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Most challenging part of strategic environment
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The interdependence of the environment; "system of systems"
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Four characteristics that define the challenge to strategic leadership
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Volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity
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____ is the ability to project military power or influence through the control and exploitation of air, space, and cyberspace to achieve strategic, operational, or tactical objectives
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Airpower
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Essential first ingredients in any successful modern military operation
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Air, space, and cyberspace superirority
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When a leader watches followers closely to observe mistakes and violations of rules, then corrects the wrongs
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Active Management By-Exception (Active MBE)
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____ system exploits the user traces yet another system to solve a problem
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Piggyback
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A ____ system provides a service such that when using it users implicitly collaborate as a side effect to solve a problem
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Standalone
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Systems that let users collaborate implicitly to solve a problem of the system owners
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Implicit systems
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A framework that guides those choices that determine the nature and direction of an organization
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Strategy
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Strategy sets ____
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Direction
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6 types of volunteers
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Long-term, short-term/episodic, family, student, internships, and virtual
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First step towards solving complexity
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Comprehending the environment
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____ operate in an environment that demands unique performance requirements for making consequential decisions
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Strategic leadership
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When 2 people negotiate over a single issue and its cost
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Distributive deal
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____ exploits the third dimension of operational environment
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Airpower
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9 principles for negotiating
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Listen first, sit down, common ground, move in, keep your cool, be brief, forget neutrality, avoid empty threats, and don't yield
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Humans contribute self-generated content
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Content providers
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Humans contribute different prespectives
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Perspective power
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The most challenging of the performance requirements
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Time frame for making decisions
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A pejorative for a legitament function, communication
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Spin
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4 preventative diplomacy principles
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Focus on interests, separate people from problems, invent options for mutual gain, and talk so people will listen
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Refers to ongoing formal negotiations with states and nations
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Track I diplomacy
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4 assumptions about an organizations's success of volunteers
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Everyone knows about the organization and what it stands for, everyone knows their roles, everyone knows where to get information, and everyone gets feedback
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Policy of daily operation of agencies carried out on functional lines (education, law enforcement, etc)
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Program management
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Basic admin support (budgeting, financials, procurement/supply, and personnel management)
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Resource management
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People who urge long-range planning first fail because they don't:
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Set objectives or assist them
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____ predicts the organization's future from the present
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Long-range planning
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Roadblock to strategic thinking
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Long-range planning
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"All interactions between two or more points of view"
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Negotiation
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Long-range planning is more ____ than anyone wants to admit
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Short-range
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Individuals who are advocates and pioneers of new ideas, values, artifacts, and lifestyles in society; nurtures talents and abilities in others
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Cultural innovators
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Individuals who interpret the universe and people's roles in it
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Spiritual visionaries
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Why is change hard for people?
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They don't see their role, purpose, or impact
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When people work with and accept change
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Dynamic stage
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When employees start to understand the changes/benefits
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Fluid stage
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____ culture s interpretive
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Organizational
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2 advantages of military cyberspace
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Easy to hide in "battlefield" and effects of attacks are disproportionate to cost
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____ operates on entirely different laws of physics than does physical space
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Cyberspace
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(Volume IV) The 2 basic questions of air-power theory
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1. What are the vital elements of an adversary's power? 2. How can air-power influence them?
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(Volume IV) 5 lessons of strategic bombing in WWII by General Spaatz
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1. Time was essential 2. Air power is strategy and tactic 3. Control of the air equals a win 4. Profit from the mistakes of the enemy 5. Air-power won with help from ground/navy forces
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Subtle social assistance by professionals, organizations, and people
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Track 2 diplomacy
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Tragic case of disagreements that have no basis in reality
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False conflict
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Concentration plus imagination; trying to see ideas or objects in a new context
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Creative thinking
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____ is a line of thought we claim to believe
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The Espoused Theory
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Maslow's 5 basic needs
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Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization
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A leadership skill which involves the development of understanding between a leader and a follower about how they'll share authority and responsibility for accomplishing their portion of the mission
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Delegation
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The middle-level of leadership
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The operational arena
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Motivators from outside you
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Extrinsic rewards
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The highest level of leadership
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The strategic arena
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The process of associating certain visual, cultural, and even emotional images with a product
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Branding
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The sum of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make someone unique
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Personality
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Talking to yourself
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Inner dialogue
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Theory that contends that a person's rank within their family can have an effect on their personality and intelligence
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Birth order theory
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Thoughts that spontaneously pop out
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Automatic thoughts
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Intelligent use of emotions: you intentionally make your emotions work for you by using them to help guide your behavior and thinking in ways that will enhance your results
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Emotional Intelligence (EI)
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The feeling people enjoy when they are so absorbed in a task that they forget about all other worries
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Flow
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A tool for exploring our self-perception
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Johari Window
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The art and science of influencing and directing people to accomplish the assigned mission
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U.S.A.F. definition of leadership
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An established requirement, a principle by which something can be judged; a benchmark
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A standard
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A solemn promise
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An oath
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The main goal for writing and speaking
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To share a meaning
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The ability to put a group together and inspire collective action
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Organizing groups
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How many personality types are in MBTI?
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16
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Understanding, being aware of, and being sensitive to the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of another
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Empathy
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The ____ is the reason why the team exists
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Mission
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____ professes that to study leadership, focus on the life stories of successful people
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The Great Man Theory
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A leader in training
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A cadet
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A clear and compelling description of what you want your life to look like at some point in the future
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A future picture
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People who have a stake in the solution
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Stakeholders
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The process of organizing and using your time wisely
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Time management
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The body's reaction to change
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Stress
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Define T.E.A.M.
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Together Everyone Achieves More
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The idea that by working together they can achieve more than each individual can on their own
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Synergy
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A collection of individuals who are committed to working together to achieve a common goal
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A team
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When a leader intervenes well after mistakes or problems have arisen, but never provides feedback
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Passive Management By-Exception (Passive MBE)
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____ approach is when the leader puts off making decisions, provides no feedback, and goes to little trouble to meet the needs of followers
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Laissez-faire
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Places where people are continually learning together
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Learning organizations
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____ focuses on the exchange between leaders and followers
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Path-Goal Model
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Conflict is inaccurately perceived such that it is attributed to the wrong person
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Mis-attributed conflict
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The state of mind that lies behind your every action is called your _____
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Attitude
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Name the fallacy: Argument's conclusion is the same as your premises; "you can't give me a C, I'm an A student"
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Begging the question/circular reasoning
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The focal process of the conflict, the moment when the two or more communicators butt heads
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Conflict interaction
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Being responsible for the group's collective success
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Desire for consensus
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Concern for individual "rights," majority rule, and democratic principles that are higher than mere written law
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Social contract
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Denies that there are certain kinds of universal truths (no universally valid moral principles)
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Moral Relativism
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When a person knows they have anxieties or problems, but they set them aside, choosing not to even think about them
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Suppression
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5 basic negotiation strategies
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1. Evade strategy 2. Comply strategy 3. Insist strategy 4. Settle strategy 5. Cooperative negotiation strategy
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Simple list of policies that identify how the project will be monitored and controlled
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Governance Plan
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The process of directing and controlling your actions so that you can achieve your goals in life
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Self-management
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Helps the group frame the issues they will discuss and to identify key questions
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Adherence to process
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When leaders pa attention to their people and treat them as partners, people feel appreciated and will perform better
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Hawthorne studies
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3 dimensions of team learning (critical dimensions)
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Insightful thinking about complex issues; innovative, coordinated action; the role of team members on other teams
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Occurs when a person tries to remove the emotional side of a situation and instead examines their problems in an excessively abstract way
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Intellectualization
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7 types of defense mechanisms
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Displacement, projection, rationalization, intellectualization, denial, suppression, and withdrawl
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Approach where the leader tries to see the world for how it actually is, not how we might wish it to be
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Realistic thinking
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How far across either side they are willing to look when considering an issue
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Breadth
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The ability to direct your thoughts, emotions, and actions toward a meaningful purpose
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Self-disciplie
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P.I.D.
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Project Initiating Document
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Being aware of both our mood and our thoughts about that mood
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Self-awareness
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Good conduct presupposes that you have the right desire
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Right desire
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A list of ideas in your topic sentences
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Blueprint
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Define B.A.N.T.A.
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Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement
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Should be occurring, but is not
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Latent conflict
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Right and wrong is what produces and expresses character of a certain sort, the type of character we call virtue
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Discipleship
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5 primary aspects of emotional intelligence
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Self-awareness, managing emotions, self-motivation, empathy for others, and interpersonal skills
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Obedience to authority is a powerful motivator
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Milgram's Experiement
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____ is a line of thought representing what someone actually believes
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Theory-in-Use
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Only situational style on the grid; "what's in it for me" then goes from there
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Opportunistic style
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Self-guided, self disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way
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Critical thinking
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What is the least effective way to do character education?
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Sermonizing
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What do developmentalists believe in?
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That the central theme of being a teenager is the question of identity
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"How can I avoid punishment"
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Obedience and punishment
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Belief that just powers (that are right and fair) come from the consent of the governed
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Public trust
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The idea that teams working together can achieve more than each individual could on their own
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Synergy
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3 challenges a new commander might face
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Being yourself, you're not "one of the guys" anymore, and being aware of the temptations of ego
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By specializing in one or two facets of the organization, committee members become seasoned experts in those subtopics
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Division of labor
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The individuals who preside over meetings and committees serve a facilitative role
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Facilitative leadersip
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Facilitative leaders don't inject themselves into the substance of debates
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Neutral attitude
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Enable the overall group to maintain both a degree of confidentiality and democratic leadership
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Special handling
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Tabula Rasa
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"Blank slate"
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How many preference types are in Myers Briggs?
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8
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Text created for the website visitor, consumer, or user
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Copy
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Attempt to motivate the audience to act, to do something
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Advocacy briefings
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"What's in it for me?"
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Individualism
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"I want to be liked and I'm learning that means I have to treat others as I want to be treated"
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Interpersonal relations
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A person who strives to heighten the motivation and morality of them-self and their followers
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Transformational Leadership
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Subordinate to the project manager and takes ownership of a particular slice of the project
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Assistant Project Manager
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People who have either a direct or indirect interest in the project
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Stakeholders
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Which documents how the project will be managed
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Project Initiating Document (P.I.D.)
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The belief that a team is greater than the sum of its parts
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Synergy
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4 Johari Window arenas
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Public arena, private arena, blind arena, and unknown arena
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Simple visual representations of the major steps in a process
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Flowcharts
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People are exposed to role models who engage in valued behaviors
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Modeling
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The quality of being serious and dignified
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Solemnity
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I.C.
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Individual Consideration
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Details how the project team will communicate news to the potential customers, stakeholders, and the press or the public at large
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Communication plan
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Paradox of the false consensus
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Abilene Paradox
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Belief in systematically employing rewards and punishments to control behavior
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Behaviorism
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Copy writing (3 things)
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1. Place the key point right up front 2. Limit paragraphs to just one idea each 3. Choose simple, direct words
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Day-to-day leader who supervises the project team
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The Project Manager
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Leaders who make their influence felt indirectly through the symbolic products they create
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Leadership through creations
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Leaders who lead through subordinate leaders
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Leadership through a link
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The final step in the planning phase is testing
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Field tests
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F.R.L.M.
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Full Range Leadership Model
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Practice of favoring relatives or friends in professional matters, especially in hiring
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Nepotism
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People favor people who come from a background similar to their own or share the same interests
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Halo Effect
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A group of people entrusted to study issues, make recommendations or decisions, or perform some kind of service to a larger group
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Committee
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Expert and referent/respect power
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Personal power
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4 controls during execution
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1. Staff meeting 2. Inspections 3. Schedules 4. Budgets
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4 phases in the project lifestyle
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1. Project narrative 2. Key data 3. Deliverables 4. Action recommended
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The immediate circumstances affecting the conflict
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Proximal (immediate) context
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Showing when each deliverable must be completed and who is responsible for getting the job done
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Gantt chart
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Idea that having good people on your team is even better than having money in the bank
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Human capital
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Living in accordance with conscience regardless of external pressures
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Universal principles