question

What problem of bureaucracy does George Tooker emphasize in his painting Government Bureau (found in Learning Objective 5.2)?

answer

Bureaucracies have the potential to dehumanize everyone, creating an alienating environment.

question

A ____is an example of a primary group

answer

family residing together

question

What is the main benefit of open, flexible organization for a technology company?

answer

the ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions

question

"Quality circles" in Japanese work organizations serve to ________.

answer

involve workers in discussing decisions that affect them

question

People typically form a subjective sense of their well-being by looking at themselves relative to specific reference groups.

answer

true

question

Why are Presbyterians considered a category and not a social group?

answer

Although they follow similar religious beliefs, most Presbyterians are strangers who never interact with one another.

question

Scientific management was developed to ____.

answer

increase the productive efficiency of businesses

question

Within formal organizations, people are most likely to share primary relationships.

answer

False

question

A work picnic is different from a family picnic in that the work picnic's attendees form a _______.

answer

secondary group

question

Due to _______, members of bureaucratic organizations may sometimes try to look busy when they do not really have much work to do.

answer

bureaucratic inertia

question

Why is a collection of people in an airport a crowd instead of a group?

answer

They are a crowd because they are a loosely formed collection of people with very little interaction.

question

Once a week, Jenna sits down with her employees to see how things are going. She encourages them to voice their concerns, and together they brainstorm ways to overcome any challenges. Jenna also uses these sessions to resolve any disputes between coworkers or lend a sympathetic ear to an employee. Jenna's leadership style is best described as __________.

answer

expressive

question

Primary and secondary social groups differ according to _____.

answer

their members' degree of personal concern for one another

question

The more socially diverse a group is, the more likely its members are to ________.

answer

interact with people who are different from themselves

question

Robert Michels believed that hierarchy weakens democracy because officials often use their access to information and other resources to promote their own personal interests. What did Michels call this assertion?

answer

the iron law of oligarchy

question

Which of the following actions is an example of expressive leadership?

answer

The department manager notices that Joe is looking a little down and asks him if everything is all right.

question

Back in the 1950s, the label "Made in Japan" was generally found on products in the United States that were ____.

answer

cheap and poorly made

question

In the early 1900s, the Ford Motor Company was among the first large companies to adopt the principles of _______.

answer

scientific management

question

Factors that affect an organization's operation, such as declining regional population or a new state governor, taken together, are called the __________.

answer

organizational environment

question

Monique and Kevin worked at the same company for 5 years without knowing much about each other. One day at a company party they began talking and hit it off. They dated for a year before breaking up. Kevin left his job, and the two have not spoken since, although they both enjoy going on their own to see their city's hockey team play. How did Kevin and Monique's relationship transform over time?

answer

They began as members of a secondary group, developed into a primary group, and eventually became just occasional faces in a crowd.

question

A problem with groupthink for getting a job done is that it results in _________.

answer

conforming, leading to a narrow view of an issue

question

How was Asch's line study similar to Janis's study of groupthink?

answer

Both researchers found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs.

question

Today's post-industrial economy has created highly skilled, creative work as well as __________.

answer

a great deal of service work that requires far less skill

question

Carrie is a member of a project team at work. Once a week, her team meets to discuss challenges and goals. Outside of the office, Carrie rarely sees her coworkers, and she does not mind when a few of them switch to a new project team. The team that Carrie is a part of can best be described as ___________.

answer

a secondary group

question

According to Max Weber, a key element of bureaucracies is their adherence to the tradition of favoring relatives over strangers.

answer

False

question

Curtis attends a local college where he studies sociology. During the week, he works at the school library and attends classes. On the weekends, he enjoys hanging out with his close friends from high school and going out with them, sometimes meeting other people at clubs. Which of the following would be considered Curtis's primary social group?

answer

his friends

question

Most research supports the conclusion that bureaucracy rarely leads to efficiency.

answer

False

question

For whom would a residential boarding school be most like a coercive organization?

answer

the students

question

According to Irving Janis, people participating in groupthink limit________, resulting in a narrow view of the issue.

answer

additional points of view

question

Which is better: instrumental leadership or expressive leadership?

answer

Neither is better than the other overall; the situation often determines which type of leadership is needed.

question

Our society is becoming "McDonaldized," meaning that our culture __________.

answer

has adopted many procedures similar to those of McDonald's restaurants

question

Community service clubs, political parties, and religious congregations are all examples of _______.

answer

normative organizations

question

Why can groupthink be a problem within a business?

answer

What appears to be the most popular solution might not turn out to be the best solution.

question

Kristina sees her friends Amanda and Gabrielle in the hallway before class. Kristina likes their hair and asks them where they had it done. Amanda replies that they went to the local salon, where the hairdresser explained that she often modeled hairstyles after those of celebrities she sees in magazines. Kristina decides that she, too, would like to get this haircut. In the above situation, whom is Kristina using as a reference group?

answer

Amanda and Gabrielle

question

The "McDonaldization" of society rests on the principles of efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control.

answer

True

question

Research by Sally Helgesen indicates that female executives_________.

answer

show gender-linked patterns that help make companies more flexible and democratic

question

How does the phrase "I owe you one" relate to secondary groups?

answer

People in secondary groups tend to "keep score" regarding what they do for each other.

question

In the United States, the postindustrial economy emerged around _______.

answer

1950, during the post-World War II economic expansion

question

Although the postindustrial economy has created many highly skilled jobs, it has created even more ___ jobs.

answer

routine service

question

The policies of Japanese organizations in the 1980s encouraged more _____ than did those of organizations in the United States.

answer

loyalty and cooperation

question

The Federal Emergency Management Agency's response to Hurricane Katrina, in which following bureaucratic rules seemed to be more important than helping people in need, is an example of ______________________.

answer

bureaucratic inefficiency

question

A social group is defined as ____________.

answer

two or more people who identify with and interact with one another

question

The Cedarville High baseball team is doing poorly. The team members do not get along, and it shows on the field. Their main pitcher recently experienced a death in the family and has not been able to get a strikeout in weeks, while their shortstop is currently out for the season after tearing a ligament in his leg. Between the constant bickering and personal problems, the team is last in the league. How would an instrumental leader go about pulling the team out of the gutter?

answer

He or she would give players orders, plan specific plays, and reward or punish players depending on their efforts.

question

Why would Frederick Taylor's concept of scientific management not work well now in many businesses, even though it was successful in the early 1900s?

answer

Many jobs in today's postindustrial period require more creativity and flexibility than those of the early 1900s.

question

An authoritarian leader typically _________.

answer

takes personal charge of decision making

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