SOL 7 Byzantine Empire and Russia Study Guide – Flashcards
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Fortified
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- to have made strong or to have strengthened. - used to describe the city of Constantinople as it had large walls built on all sides to keep invaders out.
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Greco-Roman Culture
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- sometimes referred to as Classical Culture - combination of ideas from both Roman and Greece cultures. - preserved in the East (Byzantine Empire) during the dark ages by Byzantine, Church , and Islamic scholars. - reintroduced to western europe during the Renaissance. - Includes art, political ideas, architecture, literature, and even scientific ideas.
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Preservation
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-the activity of protecting something from loss or danger - Byzantine, Church, and Islamic scholars did this for Greco-Roman culture, including law codes
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Code of Justinian / Justinian's Code
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- recodification of Roman laws completed by Justinian and his advisors. - preserved Roman law for later Western European and even American goverments
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Codification
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- to classify - used to record and organize laws - Justinian did this to Roman Laws helping preserve them in the act.
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Emperor Justinian
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- Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 CE - Helped reconquer parts of the former Western Roman Empire - Had the Hagia Sophia constructed - Recodified and organized Roman Laws - Helped spread Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
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Hagia Sophia
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- Massive Eastern Orthodoxnchurch built in the City of Constantinople by the Emperor Justinian, one of his many public works project - Had large domed ceiling - Turned into a mosque after Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
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Great Schism
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- the split in the Christian religion that occured in 1054 - left Christianity divided into two denominations, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox - Caused over debates over the church's role in politics, the doctrine of the church, and the power heirarchy of the church.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
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- Dominant form of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire. - Originially centered in the city of Constantinople. - Officially recognized independant from the Chruch in Rome in 1054. - Type of Christianity adopted by the Russian Empire. - Liked by secular leaders because unlike the Roman Catholic church it supported the idea of secular leaders having more power thatn religious leaders. - used greek at mass, allowed lesser clergy to marry, believed that all bishops were equal.
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Roman Catholic Church
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- developed in Western Europe after the Great Schism in 1054 - Eventually became centered in the city of Rome - used latin only in mass, clergy were celibate (unable to marry), the Pope (bishop of Rome) was seen as the supreme head of the Church. - believed that the Pope had more authority than secular leaders. - became the only uniting force in Western Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE. Being Christian was the one thing western Europeans would have in common. - dominates Western Europe for 1000 years until the Reformation in the early 1500s
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Pope / Bishop of Rome
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- leader of the Roman Catholic Church - believed to have direct communication with God by members of the Church - only member of the clergy that is allowed to change church doctrine and interpret the scripture. - holds power over secular leaders and can therefore influence political happens in western europe.
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Patriarch of Constantinople
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- came to be the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church - seen as an equal in power with the bishops of the 4 other major eastern cities (Like Moscow) - seen as having less power than secular leaders, so he could guide the church but not political policy in the Empire
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Excommunication
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- to be formally kicked out of the Christian Church - to be barred from partaking in the sacraments (ex: marriage, last rites, communion) - Both the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church excommunicated the other in 1054, in an event known now as the Great Schism
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Heresey
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- to go against Church laws - some believed that the use of Icons violated the 2nd commandment, making those that use icons this.
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Council of Nicaea
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- Gathering of clergy from both Eastern and Western Churches whose purpose was to determine (among other things) whether icons were allowed to be used or not. - Determined that the use of Icons was okay because one revering the icon was in fact honoring the idea behind the image... not the image itself.
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Pope Leo III
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- leader of the Catholic Church that crowned Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor - caused conflict between the Byzantine Empire that the Catholic Church, which helped contribute to the Great Schism.
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Icons
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- religious images including statues, mosaics, and painting for religious figures or stories - used by the Church for decoration and to help teach Christian ideas and teaching to those that could not read. - believed by many in the east to violate the 2nd Commandment, seen as Idols. - became a hot point and contributed to the Great Schism
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Iconoclasts
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- people in the Byzantine Empire that disagreed with the use of Icons, and therefore went about smashing them. - supporters on Emperor III
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Mosaics
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- artwork created by placing small pieces of stone, tile, glass, or other objects in cement to form a larger image. - Byzantine Empire was famous for their use of these in Churches on the floors and walls. - often depicted religious images
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Onion Domes
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- architectual feature popular in the Byzantine Empire - domes that are smaller at the bottom, balloon out in the middle and then narrow to a point. - used in Eastern Orthodox Churches - adopted by Eastern European countries (Slavic groups) - eventually style makes it way to India.
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Cyrillic Alphabet
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- developed for the Slavic people by a monk named Cyril (and his companion Methodius) - Slavic had only been a spoken language until the invention of this item - helped spread christianity to Russia as once it was created the Bible was able to be written in Slavic. - Still used today.
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Saint Cyril
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- Orthodox Christian Monk that helped develop an alphabet for Slavic languages. - his mission worked helped lay the foundation for Orthodox Christianity in Russia.
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Theodora
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- wife of the Emperor Justinian. - encouraged her husband to look at women's rights and helped improve the condition of women's lives in the Empire - credited with giving Justinian the courage to stay in Constantinople and fight off rebellions early in his reign.
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Ottoman Turks
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- Large and powerful Muslim group that captures Constantinople in 1453 CE - Convert the Hagia Sophia to a Mosque
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1453 CE
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- year in which the Byzantine Empire Falls to the Ottoman Turks - Muslims capture the city of Constantinople
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565 CE
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- The death of Justinian - The height of the Byzantine Empire's expansion
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Greek Language
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- used by most common people in the Byzantine Empire, so we can consider it the vernacular. - Primary language used during masses in the Eastern Orthodox Church - An example of the influence of Greece in the region long after its height of power.
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Latin Language
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- Official language used by the Byzantine government. - Influence from Rome as all Roman laws and religious material were written in this language.
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Empress Irene
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- Powerful female ruler of the Byzantine Empire (1st female ruler) - came to power as the Wife of Constantine V, had her son injured/killed so she could maintain her power after Constantine V dies. - noted for her role in a conflict with Charlemagne and Pope Leo III over the title "Holy Roman Empire" and disputed land in the Balkans.
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Scandinavia
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- peninsula in Northern Europe that hangs down over the continent. - Home of the Vikings, and believed to be where the Rus came from.
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Boyars
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- upper class of Russian / slavic society - usually limited to those of Viking descent. - also known as nobles
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Czar / Tsar
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- Russian / Slavic word for King - Shows the connection between the newly developed Russian Empire and Rome - Adopted term by Ivan III of Moscow
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Rurik
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- Rus leader that is said to have been offered the kingship by the Slavic people. - story recorded in the primary chronicle - helps establish viking dominance in the region
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Vikings
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Ruthless invaders of western Europe who are believed to have eventually settled in Russia; also known as the Norse or Norsemen
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Vladimir I
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Russian Prince who converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity making it the official religion of Russia
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Mongols
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Invaders from central Asia who eventually took over Russia leading it into a period of isolation from Western Europe. Eventually defeated by Ivan the Great
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Kiev
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important Russian city due to its river access to the Byzantine Empire
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Moscow
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capital city of Russia
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Slav
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people from north of the Baltic Sea who eventually settled in Russia
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