Sociology Test #2 Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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stratification
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systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships
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Jean jacques Rousseau
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private property creates social inequality and that this inequality ultimately leads to social conflict
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Ferguson and Miller (3)
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-agreed with JJR -inequality is good because it helps some people get ahead -if everyone was equal, why even try
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Thomas Malthus (2)
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-viewed inequality favorably but only to control population growth -more equal distribution of resources would increase the worlds population to unsustainable levels and ultimately bring about mass starvation and conflict
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George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's master slave dialect
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-most social relationships were based on master slave model -over time society would have more and more free people
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standards of equality (4)
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-ontological equality -equality of opportunity -equality of condition -equality of outcome
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ontological equality
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the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God
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equality of opportunity
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inequality is acceptable so long as everyone has the same opportunities for advancement and is judged by the same standards
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equality of condition
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idea that everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue the goal
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equality of outcome
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everyone in society should end up with the same "rewards" regardless of starting point, opportunities or contributions
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the estate system (2)
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-a politically bases system of stratification -characterized by limited social mobility
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the caste system (2)
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-a system of stratification based on hereditary notions of religion and theological purity -generally offered no prospect for social mobility
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the class system (3)
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-an economically bases system of stratification -loose social mobility -based on roles in the production process rather than individual characteristics
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bourgeois society
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a society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive example: capitalists
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proletariat
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working class
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Erik Olin Wright
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developed the concept of contradicting class locations which is the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes defined by Karl Marx
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Max Weber's concept of class
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grouping people according to the value of their property or labor in the commercial marketplace
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status hierarchy system
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based on social prestige (how we look at certain groups of people)
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top group
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doctors, lawyers, architects, and intellectual thinkers
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elite mass dichotomy system
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has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society
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social mobility (2)
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-movement between equal jobs -horizontal or vertical
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structural mobility
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mobility that is inevitable from changes in economy example: high tech jobs in 20 years
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the estate system
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Karl Marx and JJR agreed that the primary source of social ills in society was due to the emergence of
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dependency
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according to german philosopher Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual...
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estate system
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the social stratification system that was favored in feudal europe and the american south before the civil war
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horizontal mobility
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a group or an individual transitioning from one social status to another that is situated more or less on the same rung (level) of the ladder
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dialect
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a two directional relationship, one that goes both ways example: a conversation
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free rider problem
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the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight
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contradicting class locations
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the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes
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meritocracy
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a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability and achievement
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socioeconomic status (SES)
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an individuals position in a stratified social order
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exchange mobility
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mobility in which if we hold fixed the changing distribution of jobs, individuals trade jobs not one to one but in a way that ultimately balances out
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status attainment model
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approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status including income and educational attainment and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations
