Sociology Quizzes Chapters 6-10
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1. Which of the following is a social group? • A couple married less than one year • Everyone in your sociology class who has brown hair • People waiting at Terminal C for Flight 18 • Passengers on Flight 181 • Microsoft stockholders
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A couple married less than one year.
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2. Which of the following arrangements facilitate relationships and social interaction? • The economic homogeneity of gated communities, where like-minded people relate to one another. • The universal planning architecture of the 1980s and early 1990s workplace environments. • Diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic. • Workplace situations where different activities and workers are segregated, building camaraderie among similar employees. • Communities in which the activities are directed toward the backyard rather than the street.
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Diverse and multifunction communities with extensive street traffic.
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3. The rich and varied group life of societies reflects: • How we conform to the wishes of transformative leaders • Our need to congregate and belong. • How we resist governments. • Our natural tendency to exclude others. • That most people do not have a self-identity.
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Our need to congregate and belong.
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4. Which of the following is a social aggregate? • An unmarried couple who have been living together for less than one year • Middle-class Asian American women • Waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181 • Your family • All of the above
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Waiting at Terminal C for Flight 181.
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*5. For a reference group to be effective, it must meet which of the following criteria? • The group must have active members. • It must be considered a primary group. • The group members must interact. • Group members must spend five to ten hours a month with group leaders. • Group members must identify with each other or the group's goal.
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Group members must identify with each other or the group's goal.
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6. When 3 best friends—Jose, Martin, and George—get together every Friday night Jose usually decides what the group will do. However, one night when Jose said he wanted to go bowling Martin and George told Jose that they decided the group was going to the movies. This is known as: • Transformative leadership • Negative alliance • Dyad coalition • Revolutionary coalitions • A threat to group stability
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Revolutionary coalitions.
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7. Rupert is the president and CEO of a multinational corporation. The corporation has made a substantial profit since Rupert's presidency. What type of leader is Rupert? • Bureaucratic • Transactional • Transformational • Network • Mechanistic
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Transactional.
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8. Milgram's experiment on obedience to authority occurred more than forty years ago. Scientists do not replicate Milgram's experiment and update the findings because: • More students are working away from campus and would not be available to participate. • Universities are increasingly under pressure to reduce costs on lab and experiment work. • Once the findings of a study are published, duplicating the research is a waste of time and money. • Universities have installed greater research protocols to protect subjects. • The findings were so conclusive that there is no need to replicate the experiment.
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Universities have installed greater research protocols to protect subjects.
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9. The Internet fosters the creation of relationships that often do not come with the emotional and social baggage or constraints that are involved in traditional face-to-face interactions. This allows participants to: • Offer and receive support that people may not be able to find in their communities. • Participate in impersonal and fleeting relationships. • Participate in off-limits or intimate encounters that could be deemed inappropriate in face-to-face contexts. • Find information or answers to questions that people may be too embarrassed to ask their teachers, parents, and/or friends. • All of the above.
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All of the above.
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10. The music market study demonstrated that groups have the influence to shape: • How we think about others' musical choices. • Our personal taste and decisions regarding music. • How music companies limit our music choices. • How the Internet has hurt small bands. • What music is played on radio stations.
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Our personal taste and decisions regarding music.
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1. Durkheim argues that deviance allows us to understand the standards of a society. What solution to deviance does he propose? • Eliminate all deviance through social cohesion. • Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries. • Allow deviance to flourish and it will burn itself out. • Legalize certain types of deviance and heavily regulate the rest. • Ignore deviance and focus on similarities and society will have equilibrium.
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Keep deviance in acceptable boundaries.
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2. When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth, the professor may stop the lecture and remain silent. The professor's behavior is an example of: • Deviant behavior • Role playing • Civil inattention • Negative sanction • Positive reinforcement
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Negative sanction.
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3. Functionalist theories emphasize connections between conformity and deviance in different social contexts. A common criticism of this approach, however, is that: • There is no sense in connecting the macrosociological to the microsociological. • Most people adjust their aspirations to their reality, and functionalists tend to presume everyone has middle-class values. • It is outdated as their premises no longer apply in the information age. • American society no longer experiences internal contradictions. • The aspirations held by groups in society do not coincide with available rewards.
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Most people adjust their aspirations to their reality, and functionalists tend to presume everyone has middle-class values.
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*4. Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber) engaged in a mail bombing spree that spanned nearly twenty years, killing three people and injuring twenty-three others. In 1971, he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse. Utilizing Merton's functionalist framework, Kaczynski could be classified as a(n): • Conformist • Innovator • Ritualist • Retreatist • Rebel
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Retreatist.
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5. Merton's functional analysis of deviance and crime addressed one of the pressing questions in the study of deviance. He focused on the issue that society has become much more affluent but crime rates continue to rise. Merton responded to this quandary by: • Emphasizing the contrast between rising aspirations and persistent inequalities; he focused on a sense of relative deprivation. • Emphasizing the rigid nature of social structure; he uncovered the genetic processes that are illustrated in criminal minds. • Emphasizing the morality socialized into particular groups. • Indicating that when we have deviant peers we are more likely to participate in deviant behavior. • Indicating that we have reached an acceptable level of equality in income; he determined that deviance was no longer relevant to crime.
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Emphasizing the contrast between rising aspirations and persistent inequalities; he focused on a sense of relative deprivation.
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6. Which of the following is an example of a sociological explanation for deviant behavior? • The physical characteristics of criminals help explain their behavior: for example, large, muscular men are more likely to commit crimes than smaller, thinner men. • Withdrawn individuals are more often lone deviants, whereas gregarious individuals lean more toward gang behavior. • By understanding the family's history, we can predict who will become deviant and who will not. • Criminal behavior arises when people associate with deviants and learn their norms. • All of the above.
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Criminal behavior arises when people associate with deviants and learn their norms.
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7. Which of the following explanations for NOT cheating on this exam is supported by control theory? • None of your friends cheat, so you never really learned how to cheat. • You know that cheating is morally reprehensible. • You always receive an "A" on exams, so you have no reason to cheat. • You have been genetically programmed not to cheat. • You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught.
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You sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught.
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*8. Which of the following most accurately describes the number of people in U.S. prisons? • Because of the excellent job the prisons are doing in rehabilitating inmates, the number of people incarcerated in the United States continues to decline. • The United States may have more people in prison than other countries, but it has a larger population than other countries. • The ethnicity of prisoners in any state resembles the proportion of citizens in that state. • The proportion of people in U.S. prisons is at least five times that of western European countries. • Because many activities have been decriminalized, the number of people arrested and incarcerated in U.S. prisons is at an all-time low.
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The proportion of people in U.S. prisons is at least five times that of western European countries.
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9. Sexual minorities experience a high incidence of violent crime and harassment. More often than not they are perceived as being deserving of crime rather than innocent victims. This is because: • Gay and lesbian relationships are seen as belonging to the private realm, and some people believe they should not display their homosexual identities in public. • "Homosexual panic" is often used successfully as a legal defense. • Crimes toward gays and lesbians don't qualify as "hate crimes" and so carry less severe punishments. • Gay and lesbian couples who aggressively display their sexuality are seen under the law as asking for trouble. • In the past, the law has done little to recognize crimes against sexual minorities, thus they are victimized without penalty.
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Gay and lesbian relationships are seen as belonging to the private realm, and some people believe they should not display their homosexual identities in public.
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10. Why has illegal drug use in the United States continued to escalate even though billions of dollars have been spent to curb its use? • Some people are genetically deviant, and their numbers are growing as more and more people become addicted to drugs. • The profits from drugs are so high and the ease of moving the drugs and money across global areas is so great that more drugs are being sold. • The U.S. officials in charge of the so-called war on drugs have been corrupted by the Russian mafia. • Drug users are mostly political neophytes who enjoy taunting the legal system. • None of the above; drug use in the United States has declined, thanks to the work of the Office of National Drug Control Policy and other government programs.
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The profits from drugs are so high and the ease of moving the drugs and money across global areas is so great that more drugs are being sold.
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1. Which of the following is true of all systems of social stratification? • If a person no longer identifies with the other members of his category, he is no longer classified at that level. • A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his position. • Ranks tend to fluctuate rapidly and significantly over time. • Wealthy people are always ranked higher than poorer ones. • Upward mobility is a norm that is valued in all societies.
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A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his position.
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2. Which of the following is an example of a caste system? • Requiring Jewish families to live in a separate part of European cities, known as a ghetto. • Giving political and economic rights in South Africa only to people who were genetically completely white. • Forcing children to accept their parents' status as their own in India. • Denying all civil rights to blacks in the United States. • All of the above.
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All of the above.
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3. Which of the following statements about class systems is NOT accurate? • The boundaries between classes are very clear-cut. • Class systems are fluid. • Class positions are in some part achieved. • Class is economically based. • Class systems are impersonal.
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The boundaries between classes are very clear-cut.
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4. Which of the following best explains the relationship between wealth and income? • While income is influenced by race, education, and age, wealth is independent of these variables. • Wealthy people almost always inherited their money; thus there is no relationship between wealth and income. • The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth. • Income disparities between rich and poor have increased in the past three decades, whereas wealth disparities have decreased during the same time. • Education has a strong connection to income, but a weak relationship to wealth.
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The same factors that limit people's incomes also limit their ability to accumulate wealth.
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5. How has globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society? • Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. • Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low-wage labor pool and pushing wages down. • Labor unions have been weakened by globalization. • All of the above. • None of the above; inequality is not increasing in the United States.
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All of the above.
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6. People working in blue-collar or pink-collar occupations make up the: • Lower middle class. • Upper middle class. • Old middle class. • New middle class. • Working class.
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Working class.
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7. In which class does the family income just cover basic living expenses and perhaps a summer vacation? • Lower middle class. • Upper middle class. • Old middle class. • New middle class. • Working class.
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Working class.
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8. What factor accounts for racial disparities in wealth and income? • Education. • Parents' social class. • Discrimination. • All of the above. • None of the above.
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All of the above.
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9. Who among the following is most likely to experience intergenerational mobility? • The child of a university president. • The child of two university professors. • The child of a high school teacher. • The child of a school cafeteria worker. • The child of a university groundskeeper.
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The child of a high school teacher.
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10. Which of the following would NOT be considered cultural capital? • Reading to your child and encouraging her educational endeavors. • Sending your children to summer camp. • Having your child work at a fast-food restaurant after school. • Living in the right neighborhood and coming from a "good" home. • Enrolling your child in after-school activities, such as piano lessons
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Having your child work at a fast-food restaurant after school.
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1. The ________ are regions of the world that apply technology invented elsewhere in their own production and consumption systems. •Technology innovators •Technology adopters •Technologically disconnected •Technologically discombobulated •None of the above
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Technology adopters.
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2. Which of the following is one explanation for the persistence of global economic inequality? • People in low-income countries lack a strong Protestant work ethic. • As the technology gap between countries widens, it is more difficult to eliminate poverty. • As AIDS continues to rampage throughout high-income and middle-income countries, they will have fewer technology workers. • Whatever medical and technological aid is given to low-income countries is hoarded by corrupt government officials. • Capitalism is innately unequal, and socialism is innately equal.
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As the technology gap between countries widens, it is more difficult to eliminate poverty.
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3. The countries of the former Soviet Union began to industrialize in the late twentieth century. Since then, their standard of living has: • Increased dramatically • Increased somewhat • Decreased • Stayed the same • Become equal to that of the United States
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Decreased.
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4. Which of the following best describes the health conditions in high- and low-income countries? • While the services available in high-income countries are more accessible, the life expectancy is similar in both groups. • Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries. • The AIDS epidemic has ravaged both groups of countries equally and placed a serious strain on their resources. • Conditions have worsened in high- and low-income countries as more government resources are spent on the military. • All of the above.
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Infant mortality is more than ten times higher in low-income countries.
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5. There is significant evidence that the high rates of HIV/AIDS infections in African countries reflect the: • Lack of willingness of African people to practice safe sex. • Lack of willingness of African people to get medical treatment. • Already weakened health these people experience due to malnourishment, poor water, and other infectious diseases. • Inability of the United States to help with the crisis. • All of the above.
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Already weakened health these people experience due to malnourishment, poor water, and other infectious diseases.
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*6. In what way has the AIDS epidemic contributed to global hunger and food shortages? • Too many people of prime working age are dying of the disease. • Most of the AIDS cases are found in low-income countries. • Countries with the highest rate of AIDS are also agricultural countries. • With few people able to work on farms because so many die from AIDS, fewer crops are harvested. • All of the above.
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All of the above.
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7. According to sociologists, education is important for economic development. With what reason(s) do they argue for expanded educational access? • Educated workers can become skilled workers for high-wage industries. • Education is a reliable avenue for escaping harsh working conditions and low-wage, unskilled jobs. • Educated people tend to have fewer children, slowing the global population explosion that contributes to global poverty. • All of the above. • None of the above.
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All of the above.
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8. Neoliberalism argues that global free trade will enable all countries to prosper and therefore it is necessary to: • Continue to promote the logic of growth. • Eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow a minimum wage and other labor laws. • Loan money with interest to the NIE countries so they have capital to invest in their economies. • Ignore political and military power. • Enable third world governments to regulate wage and labor laws.
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Eliminate all governmental regulation and disavow a minimum wage and other labor laws.
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9. Which theory would best fit this statement: "Low-income countries are not underdeveloped, they are misdeveloped.": • World-systems theory • Market-oriented theory • Dependency theory • State-centered theory • Conflict theory
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Dependency theory.
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10. Which theory uses the concept of global commodity chains to describe how manufacturing has become globalized? • World-systems theory • Market-oriented theory • Neoliberalism theory • State-centered theory • Modernization theory
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World-systems theory.
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1. Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men, but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms. For women in the United States this is called: • Interpersonal aggression • Feminized aggression • Friend aggression • Relationship violence • Relationship aggression
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Interpersonal aggression.
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2. Which of the following assumptions is (are) commonly held about women and work? • Women are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions. • Women have natural leadership skills that are best displayed in emergency situations. • Women are naturally more capable than men in executive situations that require quick responses. • Women have a more global perspective on economic issues than men do. • All of the above.
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Women are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions.
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3. Which of the following is a criticism of the human capital theory made by feminist sociologists? • Due to childhood socialization in traditional gender roles, women are not as free to choose their occupations as the theory suggests. • Women are prevented from entering certain occupations due to discrimination by "gatekeepers" on the job. • The difference in power between men and women in society limits women from redefining their occupations as skilled. • All of the above. • None of the above.
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All of the above.
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4. When businesses such as State Farm Insurance and Wal-Mart deny women the ability to advance in their companies, the textbook refers to these companies as: • Being workplace gatekeepers. • Equitable places for women to work • Practicing sound management. • Corporations that may discriminate, but there is nothing that can be done to remedy the discrimination. • None of the above.
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Being workplace gatekeepers.
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5. Which of the following has been offered as a sociological explanation for the gap between women's and men's work in the home? • Women do most of the housework in exchange for economic support from men. • Men do the jobs that give them the most control over when to do them. • When the daily tasks of work in the home are divided along the traditional gender lines (woman-as-server, man-as-provider), men and women "do gender" and reproduce the gender roles with which they were socialized. • All of the above. • None of the above.
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All of the above.
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6. What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "second shift" for working women? • The shift of women workers from industrial jobs to service jobs. • The movement of women from teaching primary grades to high school or secondary teaching. • The fact that most women found it more acceptable to work from 5:00 P.M. to 1:00 A.M. rather than the first shift from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. • The burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work. • The fact that women are mothers from 3:00 P.M., when school is over, to 9:00 P.M., when the children go to sleep, followed by the wife role from 9:00 P.M. until the morning.
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The burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work.
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7. In what way(s) do teachers show a bias against girls in the classroom? • Teachers punish girls more often for their misbehavior, whereas boys' bad behaviors are more generally tolerated. • Teachers provide girls with the correct answers, whereas they help boys solve the problems. • While it is true that teachers have a bias against girls, female teachers are less likely to show this bias. • Teachers are more likely to call on girls for answers, which often causes embarrassment for the girls. • All of the above.
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Teachers provide girls with the correct answers, whereas they help boys solve the problems.
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*8. In what way(s) is the plight of American women similar to that of women in less-industrialized countries? • When a woman is employed, she has more options for ending an unhappy marriage through divorce. • Education provides one of the best opportunities for a woman to leave an impoverished life. • Women all over the world must complete a second shift after working in their paid jobs. • Regardless of what country you examine, women are underrepresented in upper management—that is, their advancement is often blocked by a glass ceiling. • All of the above.
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All of the above.
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9. Which of the following statements accurately describes the political status of women in the United States? • Equal rights for women is important in American ideology, which explains why the United States leads the world in the number of women participating as elected officials. • The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world. • Using the United Nations' gender power rankings, the United States ranks highest among Western industrialized countries. • Women's representation in the U.S. Congress mirrors their proportion in the total population. • None of the above; women have no political status in the United States.
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The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world.
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10. Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race, class, and gender in the disadvantages faced by women? • Liberal feminism • Radical feminism • Black feminism • Parsonian functionalism • Marxism
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Black feminism.
