Sociology of the Family Readings – Flashcards

Major Changes: Americans are living longer reduction in the birthrate -which caused two major changes- increase in the proportion of people of fifty and older and in an "empty nest" increase in the "proportion" of older Americans living alone Modest Changes- age in which americans are marrying - more premarital sex 1900: 22 1950: 20 end of the century: 24 -cohabitation has increased since the 1970s -increase in the number of children getting married -divorce rate- reached its peak in the 1980's and then went down from there -americans wanted more companionship warmth and happiness in their marriages in the 21st century -not a decline in family- people are as or more like to mary now then as a century ago - people with money have been less affected by family trouble -the number of nuclear families in the United States get smaller every year -serial monogamy - multiple spouses one at a time sororal polygyny- men as has multiple wives who are sisters

The Family Duty Blueprint: Ideal family seen as a nuclear household consisting of a bread-winning father, a loving mother who was the centre of family life and children. (most traditional.) Dominant from 1840-1880 The Companionship Blueprint: Family identified with marriage rather than parenthood and emphasised emotional and sexual intimacy between partners. Marriage viewed as a private arena of self-fulfillment. Gender roles remained fairly polarised. GREAT DEPRESSION major trend in reversing this. Liberation of the 60's sparked another blueprint The Independence and Interdependence Blueprint: Self-fulfillment, flexible roles and intimacy and open communication become more important to family. Love is seen as the responsibility of the man as well as the woman. Women advised that they must develop and independent self in order to be lovin. Interdependence is the dominant blueprint of love. It is possible that another shift is occurring back to traditional roles as a result of the continued economic difficulties of the 70s and 80s. Cycle- liberation in the 1920's followed by a period of more conservative values (threatened) - cycle- which will be weakened by "diffusion of the interdependence blueprint, which combines stable attachments and self-development" "Trend towards self-fulfillment, flexible roles, and intimate communication, as well as some major discontinuities"

-Marriage is now doing something it was never designed to do. - economic, political, reproductive tool, not it is love -an institution- now its serving the agencies rather than the structure - if fall out of live of love shouldn't ppl just get a divorce -ideology of love -doctrine of differences- men and women are incomplete, and only complete when they come together 18th century change 1. wage labor made young people less dependant on parents, harder for parents to control 2. philosophical change in 18th century enlightenment- marry for love end of 1700s- personal choice of partner- marriage private relationship between two individuals -emotional needs become important

childhood has been extended - higher education -childhood as social construction - extension of adolescence -economic benefactors to burdense -it takes longer now to get jobs that will support a family -less well off are marrying earlier - how we define being an adult has changed, in the 1950s and 19560s parenthood/and marriage was a larger part of it, now not so much

-perform- perform gender -Ethnomethodology "understanding of gender as a routine, methodically, and recurring accomplishment" -"interactional and ultimately institutional areas" -argues against Goffman's "display" of gender and sees it more as a reflection of expression -sex, sex category and gender -gender has no specific site or organized context -perceived as natural, when it is really produced as a socially organized achievement -"constituted" through interactions -gender is not human nature, what is human nature is our ability to learn and produce gender displays -not "optional" performance because one does not really have the open of being seen as male or female, they are put into that category by others -we don't see sex, we see gender

girls can to some extent perform masculinity -be thin - femininity is inferior

social class can have an effect on parenting styles and ideologies as well as a child's daily life. behaviors learned by children in middle-class families were more congruent with success in dominant societal institutions. An argument can be made for both cultural and structural explanations of Laureus findings. The differences she found in parenting ideologies and beliefs can be seen as differences in culture between classes, but it would be an oversight to not account for the structural forces that helped to shape these distinctions in culture. Lareau found that middle-class parents, regardless of race, tending to raise their children in the style of "concerted cultivation." Children were enrolled in various activities and had daily routines packed with scheduled commitments. working class families raised their children in a way that focused on "accomplishment of natural growth." Social connections and language use were also areas in which Lareau found differences between the working-class and the middle-class families. Middle-class parents encouraged their children to reason and negotiate in their conversations with their children. This kind of "cultivation" was not seen in the working-class families that Lareau studied. Working-class families also tended to be closer to extended family, both in proximity and in relationships. There was a higher valued placed on these connections. some working-class families believed in the "concerted cultivation" parenting style, but lacked the financial means to enroll their children in activities like music lessons and sports teams. These differences in ideologies can be seen as a cultural difference, but they do not exist in a vacuum. Part of the emergence of these ideas has to do with the structural system in place. Because of their higher class, the middle-class parents had the opportunity to "cultivate" their child and imbue him with a particular cultural capital that would allow him to be successful at structural level. Not only did they have the financial resources to do this, but they also had the knowledge of how to do this. cultural capital these families possessed, were the attitudes the children began to develop from their different parenting styles. Lareau found that working-class children were learning to constrain their actions, while middle-class children were developing a sense of entitlement. congruent with occupational success in the boy's particular social class. It seems like position in the social structure not only helps to create cultural differences among classes, but differences that facilitate social reproduction.

Though there are now more black-white interracial marriages today than there were previously they still remain pretty rare. -Qian does not see a rise in black-white interracial marriages in the future because of economic disparities- most people marry within the same social class (structural) -but even among middle-class black americans the numbers remain low- residential communities are often racially segregated - cultural experiences - "stronger racial identities of African Americans, forged by persistent inequality, discrimination, and residential isolation, along with continued white resistance, will hold down the increase in marriage across black-white divide -preference for light skin (light skin=more feminine) -white-asian and white-hispanic marriages are more common than white-black

African Americans support marriage, only marital sex, and discourage divorce But they're lived experiences don't reflect this Why: Class, race, and gender inequalities have made it hard for African Americans to conform to marital expectations Marriage is rooted in patriarchy, female subordination, distinct roles for men and women, the production of property, and the production of legitimate children Doesn't work for African American families Because slavery demanded diversity and flexibility of family arrangements depending on type of economy, region, size of plantation, etc. Slavery prevented men from having total authority, fostered female independence, prevented property ownership, and defined mothers and children as family unit Mainstream gender expectations, economic marginalization, and racism continued to make it hard for African Americans to have stable marriages Intersectionality Class Higher income and higher educated couples get married and stay together longer African Americans are typically lower class Poverty rate is twice that of White Americans related to joblessness of black men Race Stereotyped as unmotivated (men) or unreliable single mothers (women) Racism in the job market affects class Gender Because black women have worked so long, it's hard for them to "marry up" Can (Should) the marriage decline be reversed? Not necessarily People say marriage is better because it's stable and better for children But black marriages experience more conflict and instability than white marriages black marriages are less economically stable than white marriages Single parents more problematic for white children than black Conclusion: Benefits of marriage aren't as great for African Americans, but since benefits for single mothers are low, maybe they should consider it

Sociobiological/evolutionary theory - see sexual desires are hardwired (essentialists) - "Innate genetically triggered impulse to pass on genetic material through successful reproduction" -women must take care of their children in order to pass on their genetics -women have to be more selective -men can pass on all the sperm they want - casual sex, maximizes production of children -women develop skills to maintain male loyalty -women select partners who are older and have status and power -men select partners who are younger and more fertile Origins of Sexual Desire as a social construct -(social constructionist) -sometimes women are cast as temptresses, sometimes men lust -sexuality and how it is expressed is dictated by culture Conflict theory: sexuality and what is sexy can be seen as a way that groups maintain power -China- foot binding- restricts the mobility of women -norms are communicated through structure and everyday life -sexual control can transform pleasure into a resources that allows leaders in power to regulate it -sexual desire is cultural, personal and situational, integrated approach is key to understanding -everything sexual achieves a meaning in a social context

A New Family Form - emergence of cohabitation -increase in divorce -life expectancy -higher divorce rate= higher likelihood of LAT relationship in the 1970s cohabitation really started to take off -cohabitation has become a social institution - the model is no longer- marriage, move in, sex, first child - LAT relationships - still a couple, but people live at different residences study 1. Those who would like to live together but for some reason have decided not two Responsibility and Care--- stayed separate because of caring for parents or children -look as their relationship as an addition rather than instead of - they work/study in different places, they want to be economically independent -economic independence is important to them 2. People who would not want to live together even if they could -dont want to repeat the same mistake again - retired couples -why are LAT relationships increasing- people are living longer -working women are less able/likely to travel with their husbands and relocate when they find a new job -accessibility to travel and technology - cohabiting has helped LAT relationships to to be more accepted, maybe someday it can be seen as an institution

young lower/working class mothers are having children being it gives them meaning, and its their best option, there is not a lot of occupational/educational opportunities their options for elebal men are not that good need structural solutions

- America has bad policy- working women and single mothers -12 weeks of paid leave in the US- unpaid -family hostile public policy -people who are more educated are working more than ever before -less educated are working less -no benefits on part time work -single mothers -women are expected to balance both -expanding motherhood "The vast majority of the change in working time over the past 30 years can thus be traced to changes in the kinds of families we live in rather than to changes in how much we work. Two earner couples work about as much today as they did 30 years ago, but there are many more of them because more wives are working" France- 16 weeks 100% 16 months with 80 % pay Sweden

Intimate terrorism Violent Resistance Mutual Violent Control Mutual Violent Resistance Situational Violence -power and control wheel

- Controversy surrounding mandatory arrest policies - debate over these subjects -remove power from the hands of the victim -she may depend on him economically -mandatory arrest policies - reduces intimate partner violence among employed people -but increases it among unemployed people -police were more likely to arrest if the the victim was wealthy, white, older, or a suburban female -uniform policies- can't account for the different types of domestic violence

Sara McLanahan - children in stepfamilies are no better off than children in single families -death disrupts a family less than divorce does -kids from advantaged backgrounds lose more when their fathers leave - welfare and states policies should be based on individuals Three things that can happen when a father leaves: economic deprivation, poor parenting, lack of social support In the United States through government poverty reduces 15% of poverty -Sweden Reduces it by 90% -policy can help improve the situation - welfare policies are reduced because of child support from father - policies that discourage marriage- living apart can get cash assistance, health care subsidies - she may decide to live alone because it is more beneficial

-kids are ok, but we can improve the situation by adopting better legal systems and broader social systems -if parental conflict is contained - close relationships between both partners - economic stability - give them a voice in the relationship

-there are 166,00 children being raised by gay and lesbian couples -same states have laws that prohibit same-sex couples from adopting, most limit them from getting married so heterosexual couples having children is more private than for homosexual couples who have to go through the structure in many cases to get children -some states don't allow "second parent" adopts to gay couples, so only one parent might be the legal guardian -there is structural diversity in same sex couples, small hard to locate populations -what defines parenthood- biological or caretaking There has not been very reliable research on children raised by same sex parents, the evidence is inconclusive -gay couples who want children are likely to raise them whether or not same sex-marriage is legal problems with the research - do not know how the normative child in a same-sex family compares with other children -it is correct to say that evidence shows the many same sex-couples do an excellent job, evidence also falls short of showing that same-sex parenting is equivalent to opposite-sex parenting. -the article states they find many studies that show there is no difference, out that children's outcomes are unrelated to parental seua orientation, but there is not enough evidence - there is the political and moral issues involved, but they are arguing that more evidence would cool the heated debate

- stories of deportation undocumented immigrant mothers and putting their children into foster care or up for adoption in the last decade -undocumented children being held in detention centers without schooling -children of immigrants- especially Guatemalans are becoming very vulnerable to being sent into foster care and adoptions -largest de-nationalized labor force since slavery -structure/government ensures vulnerability and low wages for immigrants - illegal immigrant children are not seen as victims or innocent, but by virtue of their circumstances are seen as adoptable -raids-destructive to workers and families- split families apart, mothers or fathers are sent back and their children or partners a left without them- "voluntary departure" -ppl leave rather than have to stay (even if they have claims to stay in the us) to avoid long periods of time in detainment centers -undocumented immigrants are being put in jail and having their parental rights terminated -policy used to be very liberal and then in 1996 very strict immigration reform came into play -press- ideology about women coming to the united states and having their babies here -do not see immigrant children as adoptable in the united states, do not see children as victims, though when they are back in Guatemala they are seen as adoptable -need for domestic workers because women are working, so they have children later so they might need to adopt -childcare crisis for domestic workers because who are THEY taking care of -transnational motherhood -children that were taken from black mothers during the "crack baby" epidemic - their children were "victims"- aid creates victims? - "This book her been arguing that the production of adoptable children is an index of vulnerability, particularly of single mothers. Studying how people lose their children suggests that gendered, racial, and political order is revealed and in some ways enforced through the actual or potential taking of children, whether it is sending native children to boarding schools to "civilize" them and make them learn English or punishing black communities in the civil rights era by taking the children of mother who applied for welfare." - taking their children- imagined rescue or conversion

Main thesis- "Rather than duplicate the maternal terrain travelled fathers alter it to incorporate differences, which can be viewed as more traditionally masculine traits such as independence, autonomy, and sporting interest. -asserts that fathers do exhibits preservation or protective care, know and respond to the needs of a child (she calls emotional responsibility) just in different ways "widen our current understanding of protective care, preservation and emotional responsibility -not in the typical understanding of nurturing behavior, but have positive effects on kids -independance, love out the outdoors, involve play more in their parenting styles -both men and women still have "embodiment" ideas (sociobiological) that women are more nurturing/emotional by nature and have some special connect with child because of pregnancy, breastfeeding..ect. -gendered ways of dealing with emotional problems- men try to "fix it" women "make the children feel better" or express how they feel -socialization of gender roles- affects parenting -norms- physical contact with children, social taboos for fathers -father's narratives marked by hegemonic masculinity- distancing from feminine associations (devalue)

1884- Marxist Family= economic oppression of women Bougiesise- capital and Morgan wrote about the development of family to eventually Monogamy wife= prostitute, exchanging sexual activities for money and property - the revolt against capitalism will help to solve gender inequality- love marriage will emerge

-goes through the history of family policy in the United States and how it emerged out of general social policy -Paradox - America wants small a government, but social security benefits and other government programs and policies - because of industrialization, work is more specialized..ect individuals families are no longer self-sufficient they need government -because things are specialized there needs to be more regulation so things will run smoothly (bureaucracies - a rational choice to authority) -women have allowed the economy to run by staying home- -social welfare and the economy affect each other -we tend to favor the private sector- the invisible hand - the idea that the market regulates itself -example: blood banks were a disaster when they were run by the public -the principle of the safety net is is widely shared, but not in practice -we are similar to other countries because of modernized government -family policy is an evolutionary adaptation of modernization -we have the idea of equal opportunity- not equal results in America Nature and Structure of Welfare States- Marshall and Keer " First, modern governments must deal with the challenges posed by industrialism and modernization in general. Second, the policies and programs to meet these challenges have two principal goals- regulating the new capitalistic economy and promoting the general welfare. Third, to accomplish these tasks requires a new kind of bureaucratic state run by managers who focus on specialized areas of reform but at the same time depend on a general consensus to support their actions. Fourth, three principal values--liberty, equal rights, and social justice- serve as touchstones for setting priorities and resolving conflicts" -social justice- fair play- "no one is given an unfair advantage and allowance is made for those who start behind" -challenge of modern welfare state is liberty (free market) vs social justice (making sure everyone is taken care of) -purpose of American policy to support functioning families rather their form or structure -feminism was a catalyst for family policy - you have to invest in human capital and infrastructure for the general well-being of the population -economic growth does not always equal health/wellbeing -capabilities approach 1. values 2. institutions 3. families and communities 4. individuals - invisible hand "individuals by pursuing their self-interest will in the end find economic solutions that serve the best interests of all -does not work - need individual self-interest alone is not the same as programs and institutions that will serve the common good -what America needs to do- " the institutional initiatives and safeguards that fueled earlier prosperity but have since been eroded. -invest in public education, open immigration policy, regulation of the financial market, transportation and communications, research -preschool is really important and it recommends should be implemented for all children "What is required is a better balance of liberty with equal opportunity. Only then can America treat all men and women as created equal and live up to the Founders' vision of promoting the general welfare and ensuring the pursuit of happiness" (p. 310).

-family evolved in a biological evolutionary way, which in order to remove these gender roles, we have to strip those away -brains evolved- babies are born before they are done -helpless- somebody has to watch out for them women=breeders men= sperm donors hunter- someone had to stay home with the kid --plating tools, baby holder -large scale production of agriculture -real state= oppresses women Engels and Gough= -gender roles do not have to be this way, society is different now -men can participate in child care and women can get out into the work force

- the 2nd shift

-transnational motherhood - "meaning of motherhood are rearranged to accommodate these spatial and temporal separations." -motherhood changed inreational to the structural changes in the 20th century global capitalism -contrasts with both traditional white-middle class models of motherhood and most Latina ideological notions of motherhood -live ins (least likely to have children hear) , live-out (more likely to have children here) , housework (women who have more connections, car, can speak english, pays the most) -93% of live ins where paid below minimum wage -(structure here as well, they do not have protections) -material grandmothers are often see as the best caretaker for the children of transnational mothers or other kin - family is valued as the best caregiver especially maternal grandmother (culture) -economic structure- shapes family- men cannot find work so the women come over as domestic workers -Latina culture places more emphasis on collective mothers- could facilitate the emergence of transnational motherhood (cultura) -different treatment of ppl taking care of their kids, Latina mothers value their caretaker more -definition of motherhood -"Rather than replacing caregiving with breadwinning definitions of motherhood, they appear to be expanding their definitions of motherhood to encompass breadwinning that may require long-term physical separation" (p. 118). -still have emotional connection with children- EXPANDED definition -caring for other people's children can be both a good things and a bad thing, someone to love, but get attached and can make you miss your own kids -class - "The Latina nannies appear to endorse motherhood as a full-time vocation in contexts of sufficient financial resources, but in contexts of financial hardship such as their own, they advocate more elastic definitions of motherhood, including forms that may include long spatial and temporal separations of mother and children" (p. 121). -create new definitions of good mothering- scrutinize their employers homes -"a historical legacy of people of color being incorporated into the United States through coercive systems of labor that do not recognize family rights" (p. 122) -economic system is organized for productively and not support for sustainable family life -work policies that allow workers to choose their own motherhood arguments - just family and work policies, that address gender inequalities, race, class and citizenship

- "The United Nations Programme on the Family has identified three major demographic trends that have dramatic effects on families across the globe" 1. HIV/Aids -can lose a wage earner -migration- globalization (geographic mobility) can put people at risk for contracting HIV AIDS -women are especially vulnerable -national health policies and public health programs, variations in social norms regarding women's status, power and autonomy -structure- women who have less power and more vulnerable to HIV -limited power to safe-sex practices -polygyny- cultural factor -lower social strata- patriarchal society less control over their own sexual activity -culture and structure for this one -structure government institutes support and research programs 2. declining fertility (demographic aging) - shifting norms and values around mortality and indirect costs associated with children and childbearing, as a society becomes more developed children are more of an economic burden than an economic advantage -birth control, delayed marriage, -fertility patterns seen to be associated with postmodern influences on culture and society -structural policies -higher fertility is supported by religious institutions -post modern culture decreases fertility 3. Rise in immigration -these changes have "fueled" a change in family structure -family for immigrants can be a strong support system, but it can also be a hinderance to assimilation - demography, mortality, fertility, and migration and the process of demographic transition- offer a glimpse into the impact of global change on families - "The family.... is a place where there is a dynamic interplay between structure, culture and agency" -macrolevel rational and microlevel rational -MAC stem the rate of population, and associated economic and social problems -MIC women's reproductive health, rights and sexuality - Sarah's an Oasis for Women- structure CH.3 ^ -the structure in a society, government policies - can have an a effect on families lives - is there a structures that supports domestic workers and immigrants and protects them and helps them to bring their families over -transnational employment and transnational families -"shuffling about, splitting, and sometimes disintegration of families" -transnational families challenges the equation of family as synonymous with household -"impact of transnational employment as a way in which certain economic and family roles are transferred between less developed and more developed societies." -survival circuits - "complex interdependent networks of workers and traders as survival circuits." - "a way in which globalization contributes to the growing disparities between families in the Third World and those in the First World. - because of this families make decisions to seek employment abroad (agency) but also supranational economic and political policies also limit a migrant domestic worker's employment and family options (structure). -transnational parenting - care work- commoditized and marketized - women from third world countries are being employed by women in 1st world countries benefit affluent white women "Thus, global care chains ensure that families in the First World can draw on a supply of cheap, expendable workers from the developing world, while families in the developing world are left with a global care deficit, a shortage of women to perform the very same functions for their own families in their own countries." (p.99) -transnational fathers role-breadwinners (won't call children unless they had some money to give them) transnational mothers roles- emotional, but also breadwinning -care for others children "displaced mothering"

-family violence- all violence in families -social constructionism- it matters how family is defined -abuse if a moral evaluation and how it is defined matters -"presence of violence violates cultural images of families as places of peace and solidarity." -violence that affects women, children and the elderly -Family Violence National Studies and surveys (Straus) - non-random samples - commonly counseling centers or shelters -bias surrounding economic class - income goes down, violence goes up - date drawn from social services magnifies this - providers tend to assume there is child abuse going on in poor families -poor women go to shelters because they do not have anywhere else to go, so they are overrepresented in the data -characteristics of battered women's experiences are generalized to all battered women - same with child abuse -the claim "abused children grow up to be abusive adults." is not supported. - moderate association -difficult to talk about causes of domestic violence, but there are risk factors -biological, psychological -tempting because you just have to cure "those people", interactional level (situational violence) - mutual violence -"common couples violence" -"wife abuse"- violence to control women- "it is of grave error to speculate that battered women are implicated in this interactional dynamic" ] -too much focus on interactional level can divert understanding of the complexity of violence and serve to unjustly blame the victim- not considering larger social context -social structure level - -social environments can facilitate domestic violence -not one sociological theory that can account for all violence -control theory- asks why people are not violence, social expectations/norms- punishments, laws -resource theory - understand the relationship between income and violence -economically disadvantaged parents cannot take away away possessions they use physical force more quickly -family as a social institution - 1. include pretty much agreed upon ideas like families are private and parents should care for their children 2. practices- division of labor between spouses 3. arrangements- objective characteristics of the social world are outside individual control - laws about who can get married -privacy in the family can make the environment ripe for violence -gender core of division of labor as well as stereotypical ideas about gender are associated with wife abuse -emotional hot beds -characteristics drawing people to value of family can also facilitate domestic violence

Feminist perspective -domestic violence is a gendered issue

-gendered essentialism -he had explained that some of the functions of family have changed, like we now don't make all our own shoes, but the family is not going anywhere no worries 1995- Functionalist- 1.Socialization of family 2. Stabilization of of adult personalities -time bind- the workplace is more stable than home functionalist theory is based on a gendered essentialism -increasing anomie in society - argues that family will always exist and women will always exist an women will always be nurtures -regulation of sexuality, part of the structure of adult personalities

-fathers who stayed home -no the norm -goes against sociobioligal thinking

Gay Parenthood and the Decline of Paternity as We Know it (off prowl) -Judith Stacy - this article discusses the different ways that homoesexual couples, espically gay couples have children asserts "Growing public visibility of gay parenthood, I suggest, both signals and fosters dramatic transformations in the meaning of contemporary parenthood generally, and of paternity particularly. Paradoxically, however, these developments are likely to reduce the incidence of gay paternity at the same time they will enhance its quality and legitimacy" pg 208 -because gay man use this parenthood sometimes instead as a relationship for a family and feeling of love, hope, meaning and connection? - or because they are not entering heterosexual relationship to get children as often? -THE MAJORITY of gay father became parents when they were in closeted homoesexual situations becuase the were entering heterosexual realtionships to have children, so now that they are out, less gay men are having children? -reconfiguration of male parenthood- resemble mothers more than fathers in the care - Dan Savage talks about giving up things that define what it means to be gay (positively or negatively) to have children, such as promiscuity." -most gay men are not socialized to have "womanly, motherly traits" because they were raised as men - "gay male paternity intensifies this emphasis on social rather than biological definitions of parenthood" -gay fathers are institutionalized and visible in Los Angeles, - structure and money affect what kind of child-getting processes are available to these couples -affluent parents can use surrogates and get white healthy babies, well less affluent parents can adopt from a pool of usually children of color that come with alot of bagages -predestined parents- to parental refuseniks to situational parents (most gay men and ambivalents, somewhere in the middle) -"rather than a bid to achieve legitimate masculine status, intentional gay parenthood represents a search for enduring love and intimacy in a world of contingency and flux" -pg 19 -"Hegemonic hetero-masculinity also decreasingly depends upon paternity or marriage. Indirectly, therefore, gay male paths to planned parenthood highlight the erosion of traditional incentives for pursuing that status of fatherhood as we knew it" pg 210 - adoption agency are more likely to give homosexuals less "desired" children -dark skinned, sick -conflict theory - people in power - those with money have more access to means of adoption

- family violence perspective- domestic violence is not gendered women are just as violent as men - used large scale, random sample survey - which we can consider true, but he does not take into account the nature of the violence or the larger social context in which the violences take places (in my opinion) - - feminist disagree with his perspective because men's violence towards women is much more harmful - at one point in his argument he seems to be "victim blaming"- claiming that it is the responsibility of women to stop domestic violence against women by stopping hitting/slapping their male partners - talking about minor acts

1. a family cap in welfare policy breaches a privacy right 2 . economic and social arrangements are organized around the provider husband 3. government can replace this with childcare, paid parental leave, flexible work schedules, - TANF Policy that discourages births to single mothers and advocates for marriage by denying additional cash to single mothers who have children on welfare -child exclusion provision -some ppl argued that these additional increases in the money ppl were receiving from welfare after they had more children, were encouraging single mothers to have more children, but "it seems unlikely that welfare beneficiaries view the meager cash benefits provided by the government as an incentive to bear children" - "The vast majority of women who leave welfare support themselves and their children through employment in the paid labor market. However, the work that poor educated women find is often unstable, poorly paid, and rarely includes benefits. This means that women are often forced to return to welfare." -telling people on welfare to wait to have children until they have afford it is basically telling them don't have kids -"race, class and marital status have always played a role in how motherhood is perceived" -some see the child exclusion policy as a way in which government punishes poor black women for having children -family cap - "punishes women who deviate from the federal government's understanding of when and under what conditions procreation is permissible" - single mothers are a symbol of the decline of - the nuclear family- based on gender inequality and gendered economic inequality -displacement- onto gay and lesbian mothers and fathers - externalizes the threat, someone to blame -the same can be applied to single mothers -worries about divorce, single parenthood and single parents can be displaced onto those who are seen as "undeserving" to be mothers -state should not use its power to influence families or the creation of those families -"should women have to accept and unequal relationship with a man in order to have children?" - where to draw the public and private line -the structure of the family is not the cause of poverty, the cause of poverty is unemployment, low wages, and gender discrimination - "our economic and social arrangements should not presume all women have or should have husbands"

Two Different Policies 1. The Caregiver model- Fineman -offering an alternative public assistance, instead of the male provider -place greater value in childcare and domestic work -elimination of marriage- all mothers single mothers - this model is criticized for affirming women's role in society as caretaker and nothing else, which a lot of feminists don't like 2. Egalitarian Model -men and women both work outside the home, and both take care of the children equally -there would have to structures in places that make the model successful- childcare, more flexible work hours ect. -this model is criticized for not accounting for single mothers, and for not reinforcing valuing homework/childcare

-Wilcox wanted to find out how religion is associated with men's roles a husbands/fathers/in the family - evangelical Protestantism- "fosters inequality" - traditional gender roles, division of labor, "steers fathers in a patriarchal direction", value obedience in their children - but their religion also encourages men to me emotionally and actively engaged in their families - men who are religious are more affectionate and spend more time interacting with their wives -among the evangelical community there are the highest and lowest rates of domestic violence among any non secular groups (evangelical married men who do not go to church on a regular basis have the highest rates) -some good parts some bad parts, -reinforce gender inequality, but women also report high levels of contentment in their marriage and are less likely to divorce

18) Yilo, "Through a Feminist Lens" - when thinking about domestic violence you have to take gender and power into consideration -patriarchal ideology and structure supports gender equality and husband -the "power and control wheel" -violence and control tactics - (spokes- minimization and denial, intimidation, isolation, emotional abuse, economic abuse, use to children, threats, and assertion of male privilege) - violence against women in the home is a key element in a system of male power -violence grows out of inequality which reinforces male dominance -coercive control model - violence as a power tactic -gendered -intersectionality-women can be a collection of gay, straight, black, white, rich, middle class -race/ethnicity infuses all aspects of family life and social context (like gender) -structure and political sectionality - Hurto- women's relationship to white male power -"white male power structure shapes their changes of abuse as well as the response of social services and the criminal justice system" (p. 29) poor women (mostly women of color) experience more severe violence and have fewer options to get away from it (welfare, may not be able to leave their husbands b/c they lose funding) -gender analysis is not enough- class, poverty, race and welfare - "despite higher levels of victimization and injury, poorer and minority women are more likely to be mandated into battered treatment through the criminal justice system, while victim services are more likely to offer support to white, financially more stable more" (p. 29). -structure treats black and white women differently - structured is racialized black women were more likely to be arrested on felony charges (84%) than white men were (19%) for similar behavior -"these differences are not essential to racial or ethnic groups. Rather, they reflect cultural differences, structural inequalities, and our differing relationships to white male power

Nymmbia_ tibet