SOCIOLOGY II – Flashcards
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Education
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Formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills
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Mandatory Education Laws
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Laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete minimum grade in school
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Social Capital
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Privileges along a social location that help someone in life; included are more highly educated parents. Grade-High school being pushed to bring in high grades = higher test scores and higher earnings
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Manifest Functions
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Intended consequences of peoples actions (good)
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Latent Functions
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Unintended consequences of peoples actions (good)
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Credential Society
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The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs- even if the degree isn't specified in job
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Cultural Transmission of Values
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Process that transmits values from one group to another
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Inclusion (mainstreaming)
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Helping people become part of the mainstream society
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Social Placement
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A function of education- funneling people in various positions
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Gatekeeping
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Process in which education opens/closes opportunities
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Tracking
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Education's way of sorting gifted/average students
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Hidden Curriculum
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Unwritten goals of schools (teaching obedience, authority, conformity)
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Correspondence Principle
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Sociological principle that schools reflect social structure of society
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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ROBERT MERTON'S term for false assertion that becomes true because it was predicted
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Grade Inflation
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Higher grades given for the same work; rise in grade w/o increase in learning
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Social Promotion
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Passing students on to the next level even if they haven't mastered basic materials
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Functional Illiterate
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High school graduate that has difficulty in reading and math
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Polygny
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Form of marriage in which men have more than one wife
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Polyandry
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Form of marriage in which a woman has more than one husband
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Family
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Two or more people who consider themselves related by marriage, blood, adoption
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Household
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People who occupy the same housing unit
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Nuclear Family
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Family consisting of husband, wife, and child(ren)
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Family of Orientation
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Family in which a person grows up
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Family of Procreation
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Family that is formed after a child is born
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Marriage
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Group's approved mating arrangements, marked by a ritual
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Endogamy
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Marriage within a group
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Exogamy
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Marriage outside of group
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Incest Taboo
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Rules that prohibits sex/marriage with designated relatives
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System of Descent
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How kinship is traced through generations
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Bilineal System
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System of descent that accounts both the mother and father's side
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Patrilineal System
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System of descent that accounts only the father's side
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Matrilineal System
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System of descent that only accounts the mother's side
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Patriarchy
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Group that men dominate (duck dynasty)
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Matriarchy
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Group that women dominate
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Egalitarian
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Authority more or less equally divided between people or groups
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Romantic Love
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Feelings of erotic attraction followed by idealization of the other
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Homogamy
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Tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another
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Machismo
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Emphasis on male strength and dominance
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Blended Family
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(Step Family) Family whose members were once part of other families
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Cohabitation
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Unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship
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Incest
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Sexual relations between specified relatives
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Sacred
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DURKHEIM'S term for things set apart/forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect
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Profane
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DURKHEIM'S term for common elements for everyday life
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Religion
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DURKHEIM: beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred. Unite adherents into a moral community.
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Church
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DURKHEIM: Three essential elements of religion 1) moral community 2) Organized religious group 3) Sedate worship services (intense religious experiences)
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State Religion
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Government sponsored religion (ecclesia)
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Civil Religion
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ROBERT BELLAH'S term for religion that is such an established feature in a country's life that its history and social institutions become sanctified with assoc. of God
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Functional Equivalent
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Sub. that serves the same function as a religion (A.A, psychotherapy)
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Rituals
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Ceremonies or repetitive practices
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Cosmology
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Teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world
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Religious Experience
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Sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming into contact with God
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Born Again
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Term describing Christians who have undergone a religious exper. they feel they are new
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Modernization
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Transformation of traditional societies into industrialized societies
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Spirit of Capitalism
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WEBER'S term for the desire to accumulate capital-and not spend it-and constantly reinvest it
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Protestant Ethic
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WEBER'S term to describe the ideal of self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hardwork
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Monotheism
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One God belief
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Polytheism
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Many God's
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Animism
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Belief that all objects in the world have a spirit
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Anti-Semitism
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Prejudice, discrimination, and persecution directed towards Jews
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Reincarnation
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Hinduism and Buddhism belief that your soul returns in a different form
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Cult
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New religion with few followers whose teachings and practices are put at odds with dominant culture
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Charismatic Leader
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To whom God has given a gift
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Charisma
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Extraordinary gift given by God; magnetic personality
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Sect
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Religious group larger than a cult that still feel hostility
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Evangelism
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Attempt to win converts
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Eccelisa
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Religious group so integrated into dominant culture it is difficult to tell where the one begins and other leaves off
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Denomination
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Brand name within a major religion
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Secular
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Belonging to the world and its affairs
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Secularization of religion
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Replacement of a religions spiritual other worldly concerns to concerns about this world
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Secularization of Culture
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Process in which a culture becomes less influenced by religion
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Ageism
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Ideology that justifies prejudice or discrimination based on age
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Gerontology
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Study of biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging
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RELIGION: What are some essential elements of religion proposed by Durkhiem?
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Beliefs (some things are sacred), Practices (rituals), and Moral Community (church/synagogue).
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RELIGION: What is the functionalists' view on religion?
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View benefits and social order. Questions ultimate meaning, emotional comfort, social solidarity, guidelines for everyday life, social control, adaptation, support government, social change (AA and psychotherapy are equivalents)
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RELIGION: What are some functions and disfunctions of religion?
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Religion is justification for persecution and fuels war/terrorism
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RELIGION: What is the conflict perspectives on religion?
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View how religion supports status quo and maintains social inequality. KARL MARX "Opium for the people."
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RELIGION: What are the conflicts critiques on religion?
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Legitimizes social inequalities, justifies things such as slavery and patriarchy (oppressing women), and provides caste systems (Hinduism.)
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RELIGION: How do symbolic interactionists approach studying religion?
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Focus on the meaning people give their experience. They focus on religious symbols, Beliefs, Rituals, Religious Experiences, and Community
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RELIGION: What distinguishes a cult, sect, church, and eccelesia? How are they different?
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Cult: New religion at odd with dominant culture Sect: Larger than cult. They still feel tension with society Church: Larger than ex. above. More bureaucratized Ecclesia: Integrated in dom. culture (USA "In God We Trust" & Sweden's government Lutheranism)
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FAMILY: What are functionalists' view on various functions of family?
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Reproduction, Protection, Socialization of others, Regulation of sexual behaviors, Affection, Provision of Social Status, Economic production, Care for the sick and aged, Recreation
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FAMILY: What is the conflict perspective on family?
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Look at how family is a reflection of inequality and wealth. Perpetuates male dominance, Value of reproductive work versus productive work, Second shift (household duties that follow the day's work for pay), Basis for transferring power, property, and privilege.
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FAMILY: How would symbolic interactionists approach studying family?
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How individual in the family interact with one another. Male/Female communication in marriage, Parent/Child interaction, Meaning of marriage over time.
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FAMILY: What are some trends in family life relative to marriage, cohabitation, single-parent families, remarriage, age of marriage, divorce?
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All of these trends have increased in either age & acceptability. Gay marriage is becoming legalized, the average single mother is more/less accepted, remarriage after divorce is becoming a norm, and marriage has become more liberated. People marry for love, people cohabitate for financial etc. reasons.
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FAMILY: In the USA what influences our mate selection?
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Incest Taboo, Norms of Exo/Endogamy, and homogamy
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FAMILY: What is the sandwich generation?
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This is the generation that is having to balance care for any children AND parents due to longer lifespan.
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FAMILY: What is serial fatherhood?
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Stays in contact with children until he has other children. The relationship is nearly non-existent after.
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AGE: Compare life expectancy. Which countries have a high low life expectancy?
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Highest life expectancy are found in Japan, Germany, and Italy. Lowest life expectancy are those in Uganda, Niger, and Afghanistan. Countries that are more developed as well as countries that are not in constant war tend to live longer versus their counter least industrialized countries that are under constant threat.
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AGE: What are skipped generation families?
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Where grandparents raise children and parents are absent from household
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AGE: What is the dependency ratio?
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Measure number of dependents aged 0 to over 65 to total population
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AGE: What do statistics tell you about the aging elderly?
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People are now living longer. Because they are living longer there is a higher population versus the 1980's. Japan, Australia, and Italy have a range of 81-83 life expectancy.
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EDUCATION: Who proposed school should be universal?
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Thomas Jefferson and Noah Webster proposed universal schooling
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EDUCATION: What are the functionalists' view on education? Describe their function types.
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View that schools perform important functions that serve the needs of society. The functions types (open stated goals = manifest) teach knowledge/skills, cultural transmission of values, social and political integration. Latent functions are replacing family functions, matchmaking, social networks (refer to slides)
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EDUCATION: Conflict perspective?
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Education = reproducing social class structure. Helps elites maintain dominance, hidden curriculum, unequal resource distribution (bronx)
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EDUCATION: Why have IQ tests been scrutinized?
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Not all people the answers because IQ tests are created with cultural biases (ex. a gambler knows more about dice than a symphony)
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EDUCATION: What is the most significant predictor of whether a student will attend college?
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Family background predicts who attends college. Higher income families go to college more frequently than a lower income student.
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EDUCATION: What did Ray Rist discover?
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He asked why some got into college prep courses vs some that got into vocational courses. He did participant observations and found that only after 8 days in the classroom, the teacher felt that she knew the children enough to separate the into 1) fast learners 2) average learners 3) slow learners. He learned the ones that were made to believe they were smart ended up being smarter vs the ones treated less then above disengaged themselves
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EDUCATION: What did Rosenthal and Jacobson discover?
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They told teachers in San Fran. that they had developed a predictive test of children abilities. After telling the which students would "spurt" and told the teachers to monitor the students progress w/o inform parents of test results. The children spurted and turns out the test wasn't a test at all = self-fulfilling prophecy. Expected to do better = better Expected to do poorly = poorly
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EDUCATION: What did George Farkas discover?
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Became interested in how teacher expectations affected grades. He found that gender and racial-ethnics bias was very much there. Boy vs Girl = Girl had higher grades Asians vs All other ethnicity = Asians had higher grades. Realized that some students "signal" they are good students
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EDUCATION: Which part of the nations has the highest rate of high school drop outs?
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Southern states have higher drop out rates such as: California, Texas, and Mississippi because of higher minority rates
