sociology final exam vocab – Flashcards
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Ideology
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a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a social group or by a society.
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Social Movement
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a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
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Technology
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Knowledge and tools people use for practical purposes.
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Diffusion
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the spread of cultural traits - ideas, acts, beliefs, and material objects - from one society to another.
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Reformulation
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the process of adapting borrowed cultural traits.
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Cultural Lag
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refers to a situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.
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education
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a system of roles and norms that ensures the transmission of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next.
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schooling
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refers to instruction by specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.
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hidden curriculum
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the transmission by schools of cultural goals that are not openly acknowledged.
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tracking
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the assignment of students to different types of educational programs
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charter schools
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alternative schools which are funded by public money but are privately owned.
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homeschooling
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an education system in which a child's main education is undertaken by parents at home.
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zero tolerance
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refers to a set of policies created to prevent school violence.
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bilingual education
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System of education in which non-English-speaking students are taught in their native languages until they are prepared to attend classes taught in English.
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social change
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alterations in various aspects of a society over time.
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cyclical theory of social change
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a historical view of social change in which societies are seen as rising and then falling or as continuously moving back and forth between stages of development.
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ideational culture
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type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change in which people seek truth and knowledge through faith or religion.
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sensate culture
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a type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change in which people seek knowledge through science.
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idealistic culture
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a type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change that combines both ideational and sensate characteristics.
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principle of imminent change
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According to Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change, the principle of immanent change is the natural tendency of a society's structure to swing back and forth between an ideational and sensate culture.
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evolutionary theory of social change
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a view of social change in which change is seen as a process that moves toward increasing complexity.
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equilibrium theory of social change 1
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Talcott Parsons's view of social change in which society is likened to a living organism: change in one part of the social system produces change in all other parts as the system attempts to regain balance, or equilibrium.
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conflict theory of social change
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Theory that views social change as the result of conflicts between groups with opposing interests.
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adolescence
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the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.
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puberty
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the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.
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anticipatory socialization
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the learning of rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation for assuming that role at a future date.
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dating
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a social behavior that allows individuals to choose their own marriage partners.
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courtship
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a social interaction similar to dating but with the sole purpose of eventual marriage.
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homogamy
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the tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.
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courting buggy
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a horse-drawn carriage received by Amish men during their teenage years.
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drug
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any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness.
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social integration
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is the degree of attachment people have to social groups or to society.
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life structure
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the combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances that characterize an individual.
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early adulthood
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the first era of adulthood, spanning ages 17 through 39.
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middle adulthood
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the second era of adulthood, spanning the ages of 40 through 59.
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late adulthood
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the third and last era of adulthood, spanning ages 65 and over.
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novice phase
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a term proposed by Daniel Levinson and his colleagues for the first three stages of the early adulthood era.
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mentor
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someone who fosters an individual's development by believing in the person, sharing the person's dreams, and helping the person achieve those dreams.
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labor force
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refers to all individuals 16 and older who are employed in paid positions or who are seeking paid employment.
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profession
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a high-status occupation that requires specialized skills obtained through formal education.
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unemployment
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a situation that occurs when people do not have jobs but are actively seeking employment.
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unemployment rate
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a percentage of the civilian labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment.
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gerontology
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the scientific study of the processes and phenomena of aging.
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social gerontology
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a subfield of gerontology that studies the nonphysical aspects of aging.
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young-old
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people aged 65 to 74.
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middle-old
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people aged 75 to 84.
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old-old
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people aged 85 and older.
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alzheimers disease
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an organic condition that results in the progressive destruction of brain cells.
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deviance
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behavior that violates significant social norms.
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strain theory
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a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.
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anomie
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a situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.
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control theory
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a theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as natural occurrences and conformity is seen as the result of social control.
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cultural transmission theory
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a theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others.
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differential association
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a proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals.
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techniques of neutralization
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ways of suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts.
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labeling theory
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a theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.
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primary deviance
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nonconformity undetected by authority in which the individuals who commit deviant acts do not consider themselves to be deviant, and neither does society.
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secondary deviance
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nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of primary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.
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science
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the pursuit of knowledge through systematic methods.
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sociology of science
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a sociological perspective that examines how scientific knowledge develops.
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scientific method
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s an objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at conclusions.
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universalism
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a norm in scientific research that holds that research should be judged solely on the basis of quality.
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organized skepticism
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a norm in scientific research in which no scientific finding or theory is exempt from questioning.
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communaism
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a belief held among some scientists that all scientific knowledge should be made available to everyone in the scientific community.
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disinterestedness
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a norm in scientific research in which scientists should seek truth, not personal gain.
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matthew effect
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refers to the tendency for honors and recognition to go to those scientists who have already achieved recognition. On the other hand, they tend to be withheld from scientists who have not yet made their mark.
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paradigm
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Set of shared concepts, methods, and assumptions that make up the scientific reality at any point in time.
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agents of socialization
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specific individuals, groups, and institutions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur.
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peer group
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a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics
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mass media
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refers to newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it.
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total institution
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a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and subjected to the control of officials of varied ranks.
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resocialization
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the breaking with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms
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crime
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refers to any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.
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terrorism
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the use of threatened or actual violence in the pursuit of political goals.
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white-collar crime
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crime that is committed by an individual or individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.
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crime syndicate
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a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.
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criminal-justice system
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a system of police, courts, and corrections.
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police discretion
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the power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested.
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racial profiling
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the practice of focusing criminal investigations on a person or group of people based on their race.
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plea bargining
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a process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.
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corrections
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sanctions - such as imprisonment, parole, and probation - used to punish criminals.
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recidivism
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Repeated criminal behavior.
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social stratification
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the ranking of individuals or categories of people on the basis of unequal access to scarce resources and social rewards.
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social inequality
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an unequal sharing of social rewards and resources.
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caste system
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a system in which scarce resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses.
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class system
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a system in which scarce resources and rewards are determined on the basis of achieved statuses.
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social class
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a grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige.
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wealth
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most obvious dimension of social stratification because it is made up of the value of everything the person owns and money earned through salaries and wages.
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power
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the ability to control the behavior of others, with or without their consent.
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prestige
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respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society.
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socioeconomic status
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a rating that combines social factors such as level of education, occupational prestige, and place of residence with the economic factor of income in order to determine an individual's relative position in the stratification system.
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mass media
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Newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it.
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media convergence
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the idea that mass media are merging and are no longer separate entities.
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knowledge-gap hypothesis
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states that as new information enters society, wealthy and better-educated members acquire it at a faster rate than poor and less-educated people.
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digital divide
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the gap between those with access to new technologies and those without.
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social capital
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refers to social networks and the reciprocal norms associated with these networks that encourage people to do things for each other.
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spiral of silence
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refers to a belief that as more people accept common opinions the people who disagree are less likely to voice their views.
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agenda setting
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the argument that the media sets the boundaries of public debate by deciding which issues will receive coverage and which will not.
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gatekeepers
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the media executives, editors, or reporters who can open or close the "gate" on a particular news story.
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opinion leaders
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Respected individuals in the community.
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socialization
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an interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society.
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self
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refers to the conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society.
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looking-glass self
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refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
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role-taking
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taking or pretending to take the role of others.
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significant others
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specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives, who have a direct influence on our socialization.
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generalized other
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are Internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.
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i
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the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of the personality and self-identity.
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me
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refers to a part of the identity that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self.
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discrimination
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the denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership.
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legal discrimination
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discrimination that is upheld by law.
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institutionalized discrimination
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discrimination that is an outgrowth of the structure of society.
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racism
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the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethnic groups.
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cultural pluralism
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a policy that allows each group within a society to keep its unique cultural identity.
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assimilation
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the blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture or identity.
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segregation
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refers to the physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group.
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subjugation
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the maintaining of control over a group through force.
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slavery
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ownership of one group of people by another group.
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genocide
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extermination aimed at intentionally destroying an entire targeted population.
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white ethnics
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a collective reference to immigrants from the predominately Catholic countries of Ireland, Italy, France, Poland, and Greece.
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population
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number of people living in an area at a particular time.
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demography
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scientific study of populations.
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fertility
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actual number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a population.
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fecundity
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biological potential for reproduction
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mortality
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number of deaths in a society.
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life expectancy
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Average number of years a person born in a particular year can be expected to live.
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migration
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movement of people from one specified area to another.
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migration rate
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annual difference between in-migration and out-migration.
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doubling time
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number of years necessary for a population to double in size, given its current rate of growth.
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zero population growth
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point at which nearly equal birthrates and death rates produce a growth rate of zero.
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personality
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the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.
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heredity
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the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children
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instinct
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refers to an unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern.
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sociobiology
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the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior
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aptitude
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is the capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge.
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feral children
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are wild or untamed children.
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gender
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refers to the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women.
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gender roles
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specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women.
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gender identity
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the awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture.
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patriarchy
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a system in which men are dominant over women.
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sexism
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the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other.
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suffrage
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the right to vote.
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wage gap
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refers to the level of women's income relative to that of men.
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glass ceiling
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refers to the invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions in business.
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second shift
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refers to the phenomenon of individuals having to complete household duties after working away from home.
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formal organization
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a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals.
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bureaucracy
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is a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.
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rationality
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the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control.
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voluntary association
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a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest.
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iron law of oligarchy
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Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
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ageism
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a belief that one age is by nature superior to another age category.
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graying of america
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the phenomenon of the growing percentage of elderly Americans as part of the total U.S. population.
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baby boom generation
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a collective term for the approximately 76 million children born in the United States from 1946 through 1964.
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dependency ratio
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the number of workers for each person receiving Social Security benefits.
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medicare
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a government-sponsored insurance plan for elderly or disabled persons.
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medicaid
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a state and federally funded health-insurance program for people with little or no money.
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aggregate
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a group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction.
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social category
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a group of people who share a common trait or status.
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dyad
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a group of people who share a common trait or status.
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tria
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a three-person group.
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e-community
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a community of people who interact through the Internet or other electronic communication.
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social network
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a web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people.
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leaders
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are people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others.
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instrumental leaders
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leaders who are task-oriented.
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expressive leaders
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Leaders who are emotion-oriented.
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managed care
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the use of health-insurance plans to help control health care costs.
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alternative medicine
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the treating of illnesses with unconventional methods such as acupuncture, biofeedback, massage, meditation, yoga, herbal remedies, and relaxation techniques.
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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a fatal disease caused by a virus that attacks an individual's immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to a host of deadly infections.
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factors of production
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resources that can be used to produce and distribute goods and services
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capitalism
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an economic model in which the factors of production are owned by individuals and that is regulated by the forces of profit and competition.
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socialism
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an economic model in which the factors of production are owned by the government, which regulates all economic activity.
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law of supply
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a principle that states that producers will supply more products when they can charge higher prices and fewer products when they must charge lower prices.
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law of demand
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a principle that states that the demand for a product increases as the price of the product decreases and demand decreases as price increases.
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communism
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a political and economic system in which property is communally owned.
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totalitarianism
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the most extreme form of authoritarian government, in which government leaders accept few limits on their authority.
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corporations
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a business organization that is owned by stockholders and is treated by law as if it were an individual person.
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oligopoly
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a situation that exists when a few people control an industry.
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protectionism
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the use of trade barriers to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.
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group
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a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.
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subsistence strategies
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ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
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hunting and gathering societies
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types of societies characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.
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division of labor
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refers to specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities.
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barter
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the practice of exchanging one good for another.
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urbanization
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the concentration of the population in cities.
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mechanical solidarity
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refers to close-knit social relationships common in pre-industrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks.
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organic solidarity
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refers to impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization.
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nuclear family
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a family form that consists of one or both parents and their children.
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extended family
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a family form that consists of three or more generations of a family sharing the same residence.
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monogamy
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the marriage of one man to one woman.
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polygamy
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refers to a marriage with multiple partners.
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polygyny
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form of polygamy in which the man is permitted to marry more than one woman at time.
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polyandry
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a form of polygamy in which as woman is permitted to marry more than one man at a time.
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patriarchy
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System in which men are dominant over women.
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matriarchy
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a family in which the mother holds most of the authority.
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egalitarian
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refers to a family in which the mother and father share power.
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incest taboo
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Norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.
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social movement
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Long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
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reactionary movements
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social movement with a goal to reverse current social trends.
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conservative movements
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social movements that try to protect from change what they see as society's prevailing values.
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revisionary movements
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social movements that try to improve or revise some part of society through social change.
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revolutionary movements
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a type of social movement, the goal of which is a total and radical change of the existing social structure.
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relative deprivation theory
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a theory that states that certain people have a lesser portion of social rewards compared to other people or groups.
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resource mobilization
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organization and effective use of resources as essential to social movements.
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resource-mobilization theory
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states that even the most ill-treated group with the most just cause will not be able to bring about change without resources.
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exchange
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an individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions.
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reciprocity
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the idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return.
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exchange theory
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a theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
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competition
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an interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.
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conflict
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a deliberate attempt to oppose, harm, control by force, or resist the will of another person or persons.
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cooperation
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an interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people.
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accommodation
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the state of balance between cooperation and conflict.
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homogamy
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Tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.
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heterogamy
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the tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics different from their own.
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dual-earner families
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families in which both husband and wife have jobs.
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sandwich generation
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Americans caught between the needs of their children and their aging parents.
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voluntary childlessness
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a conscious choice to remain childless.
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Internalization
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the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations. Save and Exit
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Sanctions
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are rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
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Positive Sanction
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a sanction in the form of a reward. Save and Exit
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Negative Sanction
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a sanction in the form of a punishment or the threat of punishment
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Formal Sanction
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a reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization or regulatory body, such as the government, the police, a corporation, or a school.
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Informal Sanction
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the spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or individuals.
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Social Control
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Enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions.
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sacred
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refers to anything that is considered to be part of the supernatural world and that inspires awe, respect, and reverence.
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profane
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refers to anything considered to be part of the ordinary world and thus commonplace and familiar.
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religion
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a system of roles and norms organized around the sacred realm that binds people together in social groups.
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ritual
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an established pattern of behavior through which a group of believers experience the sacred.
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religiosity
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the importance of religion in a person's life.
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secular
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Non-religious
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urbanization
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Concentration of the population in cities.
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city
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a permanent concentration of relatively large numbers of people who are engaged mainly in nonagricultural pursuits
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overurbanization
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a situation in which more people live in the city than the city can support in terms of jobs and facilities.
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urban ecology
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an approach that examines the relationship between people and the urban environment.
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concentric zone model
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a model of urban structure proposed by Ernest W. Burgess in which the typical industrial city is said to spread outward from the center in a series of circles within circles.
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sector model
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a model of urban structure proposed by Homer Hoyt in which the growth of a city is said to occur in wedge-shaped sectors that extend outward from the center to the edge of the city.
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multiple nuclei model
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a model of urban structure proposed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in which the city is said to have a number of specialized centers devoted to different types of land use.
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urban sprawl
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a phenomenon characterized by poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns.
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collective behavior
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relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations.
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collectivity
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a collection of people who have limited interaction with each other and who do not share clearly defined, conventional norms.
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urban legends
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stories that are untrue but that seem realistic and teach a lesson.
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public
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a group of geographically scattered people who are interested in and divided by some issue.
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public opinion
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a collection of differing attitudes that members of a public have about a particular issue.
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propaganda
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an organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion.
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social structure
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network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction
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status
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a socially defined position in a group or in a society
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role
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a behavior - the rights and obligations - expected of someone occupying a particular status
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social institution
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System of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society
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power
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Ability to control the behavior of others with or without their consent
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state
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primary political authority in society.
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political institution
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a system of roles and norms that governs the distribution and exercise of power in society.
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democracy
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type of government in which power is exercised through the people.
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monarchy
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type of government in which one person rules. In a monarchy, the ruler comes to power through inheritance.
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constitutional monarchy
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a type of government in which the ruler, or monarch, is nothing more than the symbolic head of state. Constitutional monarchies are considered democratic because the ultimate power rests with elected officials.
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democratic socialism
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a combination of a democratic government and a socialist economy.
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authoritarianism
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a type of government in which power rests firmly with the state.
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absolute monarchy
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an authoritarian type of government in which the hereditary ruler holds absolute power.
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dictatorship
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an authoritarian type of government in which power is in the hands of a single individual.
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psychology
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The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms
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psychology
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The social science that differs from sociology primarily in that it focuses on individual behavior rather than on group behavior is
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sociological imagination
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The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C. Wright Mills called
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sociological perspective
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By adopting a ____, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions
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sociology
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The social science that studies human society and social behavior is
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social phenomena
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Sociologists refer to observable facts or events that involve human society as
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false
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Psychology is the social science that studies human society and social behavior t/f
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social psychology
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the study of how the social environment affects an individual's behavior and personality
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political science
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the examination of the organization and operation of governments voting patterns and political groups
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false
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political science is the study of past events t/f
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false
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By adopting a sociological imagination, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions. t/f
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anthropology
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the comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures Group behavior in advanced societies. Studying cultural traits of neighborhoods in large cities
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social sciences
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related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior
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manifest function
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An intended and recognized consequence of some element of society is a
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functionalist perspective
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People who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system are said to employ the
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false
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People who employ the interactionist perspective focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change t/f
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conflict perspective
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People who focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change employ the
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true
answer
symbolic interaction is where interactionists focus on how people use symbols when interacting
question
symbol
answer
anything that represents something else
question
theory
answer
an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena
question
the principle of Verstehen
answer
putting yourself in the place of others and trying to see situations through their eyes
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dysfunctional
answer
Functionalists view certain elements in society as ____, representing the negative consequences that elements have for the stability of the social system
question
true
answer
A function is the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system t/f
question
function
answer
the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system
question
focuses on how people use symbols when interacting
answer
An interactionist perspective
question
false
answer
A latent function is the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society t/f
question
John Lofland
answer
From the following list, who did NOT influence the field of sociology during its early years
question
Charles Darwin
answer
Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the views of ____, an evolutionist from the 1800s
question
false
answer
Karl Marx coined the phrase "survival of the fittest." t/f
question
Herbert Spencer
answer
The phrase "survival of the fittest," or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time, was coined by
question
material culture
answer
The physical objects that people create and use form a group's
question
technology
answer
what sociologists sometimes refer to as the combination of objects and rules
question
financial responsibility
answer
Norms that exist in our society include
question
true
answer
Society consists of people, and culture consists of the material and nonmaterial products that people create t/f
question
true
answer
Folkways are norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them t/f
question
false
answer
Mores are norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them t/f
question
norms
answer
shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
question
culture complex
answer
The game of basketball is considered
question
folk ways, mores, and laws
answer
Sociologists distinguish between these three types of norms
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ethnocentrism
answer
The following are examples of certain basic components of all cultures except
question
false
answer
Basic components of a culture vary from society to society t/f
question
society
answer
A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity is a
question
murder
answer
Folkways include all of the following except
question
true
answer
All groups create norms to enforce their cultural values t/f
question
false
answer
The most complex level of culture is the culture trait t/f
question
false
answer
Values are the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system t/f
question
books
answer
The following are examples of nonmaterial culture except
question
false
answer
The features of a culture can be divided into three levels of complexity: traits, folkways, and patterns t/f
question
true
answer
Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups t/f
question
cultural universals
answer
Certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures.
question
subculture
answer
Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form a
question
ethnocentrism
answer
The tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior is called
question
subculture
answer
A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population
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attitude of cultural relativism
answer
the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture
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Cultural relativism
answer
____ help(s) sociologists and anthropologists understand practices that seem strange or different from those of their own culture
question
Margaret Mead
answer
The anthropologist that conducted a now-classic study of cultural variation in the 1930s was
question
true
answer
The Arapesh and the Mundugumor were two societies in New Guinea that Margaret Mead conducted a study of cultural variation on in the 1930s. t/f
question
false
answer
A group that accepts the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society is a subculture sociologists refer to as a counterculture. t/f
question
cultural universals
answer
certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures
question
true
answer
Most subcultures do not reject all of the values and practices of the larger society t/f
question
The Navajo of the Southwest
answer
Which of the following are not examples of a subculture
question
true
answer
Organized crime families and the hippie movement of the 1960s are examples of countercultures in the United States t/f
question
false
answer
Margaret Mead, in the 1940s, compiled a list of more than 65 cultural universals after examining hundreds of different cultures t/f
question
basic values
answer
Which of the following forms the foundation of the American culture
question
self-fulfillment
answer
A commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is
question
true
answer
Patriotism and education are traditional American values t/f
question
56%
answer
What percentage of students were noted as having different values from their parents
question
false
answer
Young Americans do not recognize the connection between hard work and success t/f
question
work
answer
Match the value with the correct description. Disciplined effort
question
false
answer
Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others t/f
question
efficiency and practicality
answer
Match the value with the correct description. Every problem has a solution
question
false
answer
Bell believed the established American values are stronger due to narcissism t/f
question
personal achievement
answer
Match the value with the correct description. Working toward a specific goal
question
self-fulfillment
answer
Which of the following is not a traditional American core value
question
morality and humanitarianism
answer
Match the value with the correct description. Belief in justice and equality
question
Self-fulfillment
answer
a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential.
question
Narcissism
answer
an extreme self-centeredness.
question
leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness
answer
What are new values in the United States that might be grouped under the term self fulfillment, a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential?
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The United States was founded on the principle of human equality
answer
Describe how equality and democracy represent traditional American values.
question
cultural universals
answer
common features that are found in all human cultures.
question
ethnocentrism
answer
tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups.
question
cultural relativism
answer
a belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.
question
subculture
answer
a group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture.
question
counterculture
answer
a group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.
question
so that societies can make sure that their basic needs are fulfilled
answer
Why do cultural universals exist?
question
New Guinea
answer
Where did Margaret Mead live in the 1930s to conduct her study of cultural variation?
question
to determine what general traits are common to all cultures
answer
Why did George Murdock examine hundreds of different cultures in the 1940s?
question
false
answer
The most complex level of culture is the culture trait. t or f
question
we create our culture and communicate it to group members
answer
How is the use of symbols related to culture?
question
group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity
answer
How is society different from culture?
question
are the unique cultural practices of various subgroups
answer
What causes variation within societies?
question
culture
answer
refers to shared products of human groups, including both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by the group.
question
material culture
answer
refers to physical objects created by human groups. Sociologists and anthropologists use the term artifacts to refer to the physical objects of material culture.
question
nonmaterial culture
answer
refers to abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work practices, and political and economic systems.
question
society
answer
refers to a group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and have a feeling of unity.
question
culture trait
answer
an individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need.
question
culture complexes
answer
clusters of interrelated culture traits.
question
culture patterns
answer
a combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole.
question
language
answer
written or spoken symbols organized into a communication system.
question
symbols
answer
anything that carries meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
question
technology
answer
combination of objects and rules
question
society
answer
group of people sharing a common culture and unity.
question
values
answer
shared beliefs about what is good/bad, right/wrong, desirable/undesirable.
question
norms
answer
shared rules of conduct;expectations
question
folkways
answer
focus on common customs of everyday life
question
mores
answer
strong moral significance
question
laws
answer
written laws of conduct enforced by government
question
sociology
answer
a social science that studies human society and social behavior.
question
social sciences
answer
related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior.
question
Sociological perspective
answer
refers to a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way.
question
Sociological imagination
answer
the ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives.
question
Anthropology
answer
the comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures.
question
Psychology
answer
the science that deals with the behavior and thinking of individuals.
question
Social psychology
answer
the study of how an individual's behavior and personality are affected by the social environment.
question
Economics
answer
the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their wants and needs.
question
Political science
answer
the study of organization and operation of governments.
question
History
answer
the study of past events.
question
Social Darwinism
answer
a perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection.
question
Function
answer
the positive consequence an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system.
question
Verstehen
answer
refers to an empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions.
question
ideal type
answer
a description of the essential characteristics of some aspect of society.
question
Dysfunctional
answer
refers to the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.
question
Manifest function
answer
refers to an intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
question
Latent function
answer
the unintended and unrecognized consequence of some element of society.
question
symbol
answer
anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached to it. Language, gestures, images, sounds, physical objects, events, and elements of the natural world can serve as symbols as long as people recognize that they convey a particular meaning.
question
symbolic interaction
answer
the interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols.
question
theoretical perspective
answer
A general set of assumptions about the nature of things.
question
Proletariat
answer
represent workers
question
Bourgeoisie
answer
represent the wealthy that use the workers
question
theory
answer
An explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.
question
functionalist perspective
answer
The view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.
question
bourgeoisie and proletariat
answer
how karl marx divided people into classes
question
spencer
answer
interdependent parts
question
weber
answer
how society impacts the individual
question
comte
answer
founder of sociology. social order and change
question
marx
answer
conflict between classes
question
d
answer
social order
question
interactionist perspective.
answer
These sociologists are interested in the ways in which individuals respond to one another in everyday situations. They are also interested in the meanings that individuals attach to their own actions and to the actions of others.
question
survival of the fittest
answer
What was the phrase that was coined by Herbert Spencer to describe only the fittest societies surviving over time, thus upgrading the world as a whole?
question
modernization
answer
process by which a society's social institutions become increasingly complex as the society moves toward industrialization.
question
modernization theory
answer
a theory of modernization that argues that the more-developed nations of the world were the first to modernize because they were the first to industrialize.
question
world-system theory
answer
a theory of modernization by Immanuel Wallerstein, in which the spread of capitalism is seen as producing an international division of labor between more-developed and less-developed nations. According to this view, the more-developed nations control the factors of production and the less-developed nations serve as sources of cheap labor and raw materials.
question
core nations
answer
According to the world-system theory of modernization, core nations are those more developed nations that are at the center of the world economy and upon which less developed nations are economically dependent.
question
peripheral nations
answer
According to the world-system theory of modernization, peripheral nations are less developed nations that are economically dependent on the core, or more developed, societies.
question
semiperipheral nationsq
answer
According to the world-system theory of modernization, semiperpheral nation are nations which are between core nations and peripheral nations in terms of industrialization and level of exports.
question
external debt
answer
the amount owed to foreign individuals, organizations, companies, and governments
