Sociology Culture/Emotions/Impression Management – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Paul Ekman
answer
Basic "facial features" that all humans can recognize: sadness, happiness, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, fear. Certain emotional responses carry different meanings depending on culture. Observed blind people and athletes in competition in order to support his theories.
question
Physiological Arousal
answer
Hormonal/visceral/physical changes. Examples: increased heart rate, sweating, blushing, etc.
question
Cognitive Interpretation
answer
Attaching meaning to emotional experience by drawing on memory, etc. Examples: Blaming someone, perceiving a threat.
question
Social/Behavioral Reactions
answer
Expressing oneself through gestures/verbally, etc. Examples: Crying, screaming, jumping, etc.
question
James-Lange Theory
answer
Physical responses underlie emotions. "We feel sorry because we cry, afraid because we tremble, etc." Physical reactions create emotions, not the other way around. Partially correct: physical state can alter emotions (for example, drinking too much caffeine --> jumpiness, irritability). Also partially correct because the brain does maintain memories of physical states associated with events (supports James-Lange, counters Canon-Bard).
question
Canon-Bard Theory
answer
Emotional feeling and internal physical response occur simultaneously. Reasoning: physical behavioral changes occur too slowly to account for split-second emotional states and that physical responses are not varied enough to account for all possible emotional states.
question
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)
answer
Emotions we feel depend on 1) internal physical state,and 2) current external situation. Only theory to factor in cognition as a role in emotions. Example: Female assistant working on shaky bridge vs. sturdy bridge experiment.
question
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
answer
After an event has occurred, we make a conscious decision on how to feel.
question
Visuals
answer
James-Lange: Stimulus (snake) -->physiological arousal (sweating, heart rate) --> emotion (fear). Canon-Bard: Stimulus (snake) -->Physiological Arousal --> Emotion Two-Factor: Stimulus (snake) --> Physiological Arousal --> Cognitive Interpretation BOTH LEAD TO: Appraisal of arousal/interpretation --> Emotion (fear)
question
Norms
answer
set of rules & understanding that control behavior of people/groups in ANY culture/setting -Folkways --> unwritten rules of how to behave. Ex: bathroom etiquette. Receive weaker Sanctions (dirty looks) -Mores --> Rules. Laws. Stronger Sanctions. Ex: Don't Drink and Drive.
question
Culture
answer
Complex system f meaning/behavior that defines a way of life for a certain society; patterns of behavior.
question
Sanctions
answer
Rewards/Punishments when norms are followed/broken (respectively). Mechanisms of social control to enforce norms.
question
Ethnomethodology
answer
Purposefully breaking norms in order to study them
question
Subculture
answer
group of people that maintain certain rituals/norms/values that make them separate from dominant culture. Ex: Trekkies, Irish Immigrants, Freegans, etc. Will most likely Assimilate, but will still be considered a subculture.
question
Counter-culture
answer
Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted by society. Actively resist assimilation and reject dominant culture norms. Ex: anti-government survivalist groups, such as E.L.F. Assimilation is not likely, they are not integrated into common society.
question
Assimilation
answer
culturally distinct groups with larger civilization. Adopting language/values/norms of host civilization.
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
Tendency to judge another's culture as inferior in terms of one's own norms/values.
question
Cultural Relativism
answer
Evaluating a culture by its own standards, not putting it into comparison to you own culture
question
Culture Shock
answer
Feelings of disorientation when one encounters new/rapidly changing cultural situations. Ex: Lost Boys of Sudan upon coming to America.
question
Cultural Universals
answer
Kinship/descent; belief system/religion; communication/language; recreation; arts; laws/politics; technology; stratification/social structure; marriage; gender roles; economics; covering genitals; food sharing; healthcare systems.
question
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
answer
Language determines other aspects of culture because language provides the categories through which social reality is understood. Ex: Yanomano counting system (1, 2, more than 2), and the word "awkward" doesn't exist in Spanish.
question
Emotional Intelligence
answer
Ability to identify, assess, and control emotions. Ability to handle emotions and recognize right from wrong. 5 Components: -Self Awareness -Managing Emotions -Motivation -Empathy -Social Skills
question
Amygdala
answer
Emotional part of the memory is stored when everything is settled, we realize what happened --> referred to as the emotional hijack.
question
The Self
answer
Identity a person adopts and about which he/she attempts to gain agreement from others in a situation. -Erving Goffman: Life is a series of cons.
question
Impression Management
answer
Presentation of Self-you purposefully portray yourself a certain way by adopting an identity/providing identities for others, thereby influencing the outcome of a situation.
question
Audience Effects
answer
Explains how an individuals' work is affected by knowing they're visible to others (similar to Hawthorne Effect)
